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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
SpaceX IPO: When the Story Outprices the Numbers

SpaceX IPO: When the Story Outprices the Numbers

17 June 2026
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SpaceX IPO:故事與數字的星空角力

遇上驚天動地的大新聞,筆者總會在本欄探討一個基本的道理。今次SpaceX以史上最大首次公開招股(IPO)姿態叩門,無疑反映出估值世界的一場永恆角力——故事與數字。這邊廂是馬斯克描繪的火星夢與星辰大海,足以令人熱血沸騰;那邊廂卻是客觀實在的財務狀況,包括收入、開支和現金流。兩者之間落差有多大,將決定一隻股票是黃金抑或泡沫。SpaceX恰恰是個教科書級示範,因為這家太空科技公司把這場博弈推到了極致。

搶盡風頭的集資傳奇

5月20日,世界首富馬斯克旗下的SpaceX正式向美國證券交易委員會遞交招股文件,股票代號為SPCX,計劃在納斯達克以及新設立的納斯達克德州交易所同步上市。市場盛傳目標估值介乎1.75萬億至2萬億美元,集資額可能高達800億美元以上。規模之大,將一舉超越2019年石油公司沙地阿美約294億美元的舊紀錄,標誌一個意義非凡的金融里程碑,並很可能把馬斯克送上全球首位萬億富豪的寶座。
耐人尋味的是,這家公司2025年全年收入只有約187億美元,按年增長33%,全年卻錄得約49億美元淨虧損。以最直接的市銷率衡量,1.75萬億美元約等於95倍銷售額;作為對照,標普500指數中的Palantir公司,市銷率最高也僅約67倍。一家仍在蝕錢的公司,憑甚麼值這個價?這正是今次招股最值得拆解的金融議題,也是故事與數字落差的端倪。

回歸理性的觀察

要剖析此一現象,先要明白SpaceX早已不是一家純粹的火箭公司。今天它由三大板塊拼合而成:負責火箭發射的太空業務、經營星鏈衛星上網的連接業務,以及今年併入的人工智能業務xAI、Grok模型與社交平台X。投資銀行採用的是分類加總估值法(sum-of-the-parts valuation),把每塊業務分開計價後再相加。

三者之中真正賺錢的是星鏈,2025年貢獻約114億美元收入,佔總額逾6成,單是經營溢利便有約44億美元。其在軌衛星超過9600顆,佔全球在用衛星約三分之二,用戶突破1000萬,覆蓋160多個國家;可見星鏈是整家公司的現金牛,也是估值的定海神針。

反觀拖累賬面的,恰恰是新併入的xAI。2025年,單這部分AI業務便蝕約64億美元,把原本在2024年仍錄得約7.9億美元的盈利水平,一舉推入虧損。

火箭業務本身增長不快,卻扮演着壓低成本的關鍵角色。透過可回收的獵鷹9號,SpaceX把每公斤入軌成本,由行業通常約18500美元降至約2700美元,減幅高達85%。這就好比把一架每飛一程便報廢的波音747,改造成可反覆使用的客機,整個航天經濟的算式因此改寫。至於火星殖民、太空數據中心這些聽來科幻的項目,在金融學上更像一份認購期權;今天近乎不值錢,卻保留了萬一成真便價值連城的可能,連分析機構也視之為長年期的估值期權。投資者願意為這份想像力支付溢價,正是高估值的心理基礎,也是故事壓過數字的一環。

不過,把3塊業務的合理價值一加之下,多數獨立分析得出的總和都低於招股目標。有研究機構的分類加總區間落在1.1萬億至1.7萬億美元;也有預測把中位數定在約1.25萬億美元,較目標低近3成,並形容這是基於萬事大吉才撐得起的定價。更尖銳的評論甚至認為,撇開故事,它其實只是一家約6000億美元的公司。

這裏帶出估值的核心張力,正是數字與故事之爭。SpaceX在招股書聲稱面對的潛在市場高達28.5萬億美元,幾乎等於整個美國經濟規模。當一家公司訴諸如此宏大的敘事以招徠資金,投資者買的究竟是現金流,還是一個關於未來的信念,實在值得深思。

預警信號接二連三

另一個值得玩味之處,是估值本身的雪球效應。SpaceX的私募估值在1年多期間,由2024年底約3500億美元,跳到2025年中4000億以至年底約8000億美元。每半年一次的員工售股安排,都把價格重估得更高,而上市憧憬又反過來抬升今輪定價,形成市場上所謂「反身性反饋循環」(reflexive feedback loop)。換句話說,價格上升是因為大家相信它會升,這種自我實現的預期既能成就神話,也能釀成踩踏。與此同時,亦須留意管治架構,馬斯克透過每股10票的B類股,掌握約85%投票權,實際持股卻只約41%。即使投資者買了股票,對公司決策幾乎沒有發言權,這是典型的代理問題。

今次招股還有一個罕見安排,就是預留多達30%股份給散戶,遠高於一般新股比例,而認購價更與機構看齊。表面看來是機會民主化,卻也有人擔心它會被催化成一隻迷因股,散戶在高位接火棒。事實上,市場熱情早已浮現:一隻主打太空主題、可間接持有SpaceX的交易所買賣基金,兩個月內規模便衝破26億美元。再者,一旦上市後被納入納斯達克100、標普500等指數,被動基金便須被迫買入,可能帶來數百億美元的額外需求。不過太空生意風險極高,就在遞表前後,亞馬遜創辦人貝索斯旗下藍色起源的「新格倫」火箭在測試時爆炸,正好提醒眾人這個行業有多不確定,一次失敗便足以令故事瞬間冷卻。

至於SPCX,不可不察的是撐起整個估值的星鏈,在香港、澳門以至內地都被明文禁止使用。本地投資者即使買了股票,也用不上它的招牌產品。在認購層面,香港散戶要直接抽中SPCX並不容易,證券商多會優先配給流動資產達800萬港元的專業投資者,多數人最終仍要在掛牌日在公開市場購買。此外,應提防兩個稅務陷阱,非美國居民收息會被預扣30%股息稅;若以個人名義持有的美國資產超過6萬美元,身故後繼承人更可能面對最高40%美國遺產稅。是次SpaceX捨香港交易所而取納斯達克,也再次說明大型科技股仍偏愛美國市場,儘管香港過去也辦過阿里巴巴、工商銀行等大型上市。

「科幻股」的投資要點

展望將來,SpaceX的故事其實是整個太空經濟的縮影。火箭發射愈頻密,衛星上網愈普及,衛星直連手機、太空AI算力這些新生意才有望成形,但要積極發展這些藍圖,還須等上數年甚至數十年。緊隨其後,OpenAI、Anthropic等AI巨頭也蓄勢待發,準備上市,這一波或是人工智能熱潮,風頭也許一時無兩,但所面臨的考驗也非同小可。

在夢想與現實的對壘之中,故事讓人憧憬未來,數字則助人認清現況;投資者兼聽則明,偏信則暗。今次史詩級招股最實用的一課,未必是應否追捧,而是學會分清故事與數字;作出決定前,不妨先問自己願意為想像力付出多少溢價,再按能夠承受的波幅去調整注碼。畢竟在資產配置的世界裏,再壯麗的星辰大海,也只應是組合裏的一部分,而非整體。

免責聲明:本文純屬教育及資訊分享用途,不構成任何投資建議或招攬。投資者應根據自身風險承受能力作出獨立判斷。

 

章逸飛博士
港大經管學院經濟學高級講師

(本文同時於二零二六年六月十七日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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