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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Sorted but Still Buried: Hong Kong’s Unfinished Plastic Loop

Sorted but Still Buried: Hong Kong’s Unfinished Plastic Loop

8 Jul 2026
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膠樽進填埋   減塑難閉環

你把喝剩的半支蒸餾水倒掉,然後把膠樽連蓋帶標籤投進街角的啡色桶。對你而言,這支膠樽的故事到此為止;但它有頗大機會並不會通往回收再造之路,而是被送到堆填區。

減塑見效但回收退步

故事從 2024 年的兩組數字說起。一方面,香港廢塑膠棄置量由 2023年每日 2,120 公噸下降至 1,885 公噸,跌幅 11.1%【註1】。《2023年產品環保責任(修訂)條例》下,首階段管制即棄膠產品於 2024 年實施,加上優化塑膠購物袋收費計劃等「走塑」措施,正在發生作用。另一方面,塑膠的循環再造量同期由 128,200 公噸大幅下跌至 101,500 公噸,跌幅超過兩成,大約等於 1,800 架雙層巴士的重量。

源頭丟棄少了,但收回來再造的更少。減塑已取得進展,為何回收卻退步?

循環再造瓶頸溯源

不妨沿着回收鏈3個環節,逐一排查。

首先是出口。環境保護署在解釋跌幅時引述了《巴塞爾公約》修正案下全球進口管制趨嚴的背景。但過去幾年香港塑膠回收幾乎從不依賴外運,立法會研究指本港「幾近所有回收塑膠均在本港處理」【註2】,2024 年塑料出口量僅約 1 萬公噸【註3】,遠不足以解釋這 26,700 公噸跌幅。

其次是本地處理。目前本港唯一的準食品級膠樽回收設施,能將廢樽轉化成再生聚酯(rPET ),每月最高處理量約1200 公噸,理論上足以消化全港約一半的飲品膠樽銷售量。但自2022年投產以來,該廠的回收量不足,2025年只佔處理能力的4成。由此可見,瓶頸不在能否處理,而在實際回收量。

排除了這兩個因素,跌幅顯然就在最前端。膠樽要麼根本沒被市民投入回收箱,要麼在投入之後,卻因污染過重而被當垃圾處理。前者關乎「量」,後者涉及「質」;兩者都指向同一問題——市民如何處理廢膠樽,以及生產商如何設計產品。

誰來承擔善後責任

1990 年代末,政府推出藍、黃、啡三色回收桶,讓市民建立了分類概念,可惜始終未觸及污染一環。一旦膠樽混入食物殘渣、紙巾或殘留液體,純度下降,後續每一步驟的成本便逐級上升。當整桶物料污染過重,前線承辦商在成本效益權衡下,只能當作垃圾處理。本港回收再造設施產能過剩的原因之一正在於此——即使收到廢膠樽,也往往因污染而無法達到準食品級標準。

至於產品設計方面,一支膠樽能否「重生」,其實被裝瓶那刻已寫好一大半。無色透明 PET 最為理想,雜色樽身、聚氯乙烯(PVC)標籤、整樽包覆的長標籤,都會大幅削弱再造價值。日本長期透過行業自律,達至膠樽以無色透明 PET 為主流。2022 年實施的《塑膠資源循環促進法》更把生命周期納入綜合管理;市民回收時主動除去標籤與樽蓋,使後端進料純度極高。

反觀香港,由於缺乏監管與行業標準,生產商側重貨架上的視覺吸引力,毋須為產品善後承擔任何經濟責任。樽身用色繁雜、標籤形制不一,不少從源頭便已注定無法再生。這實際上是把生產端成本,變相轉嫁給整體社會與後端回收系統。

在供求兩端傳遞價格訊號

顯而易見,兩端都缺乏價格訊號。生產商設計在包裝過程中,並未考慮回收成本;市民丟掉膠樽時,容器潔淨與否、是否歸還回收點,也無關自身錢包。要讓分散的個人決策重新與環境目標接軌,可在供給方與需求方同時提供訊號。

供給方有兩個工具。一、《生產者責任計劃》的收費可分檔釐定,難以回收的設計收費較高,無色透明、單一材質、易撕標籤者則予以減免。可參考歐盟《包裝及包裝廢物法規》(Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation 2025/40)與英國《塑膠包裝稅》(Plastic Packaging Tax)對「可回收性等級」的做法。二、在消費層面配以按金退還,為歸還與否標價,使交回膠樽不再只是環保善舉,而成為一項經濟誘因。德國對特定飲料塑膠瓶實施每樽 0.25 歐元(約港幣兩元)的按金制度,已足以將這類瓶子回收率推高至九成以上。香港不必照搬,但即使以每樽 0.5 至 1 港元起步,相信已足以改變市民的回收行為。

不可不察的是,若無人購買 rPET,本地再造設施仍會吃不飽。原因在於 rPET 成本通常高於原生 PET(virgin PET),後者的環境界外效應(environmental externality)未被定價。需求方因此必須強化,在《生產者責任計劃》中加入「強制再生含量遞增表」,例如 2027 年起,本地售賣的飲品膠樽須含至少 15% 本地 rPET,至2030 年則提升至 30%。現時部分本地飲品品牌已採用百分之百本地再造 rPET 製樽,證明技術上可達標;缺的只是讓這個選擇從少數品牌的自願行動,變成整個行業的規定動作。

三項工具合起來,便構成一個完整的閉環。差別徵費把成本壓回設計端,按金退還把成本聚焦於回收點,強制再生含量則令市場關注 rPET 。當3道訊號同時到位,就有足夠誘因令生產商改良設計、市民把膠樽潔淨歸還,回收商因而獲得充足的潔淨物料,加以再造出售。

結語:下次扔膠樽前的那兩秒

2024 年塑膠回收量下滑,並非源於外圍出口管制,也非本地處理能力不足,而是回收鏈前端的供應與質素雙雙失守,以及後端市場仍未為再生物料留位。當源頭減塑開始見效、本地處理設施又長期閒置,夾在中間的這道斷裂,正是香港塑膠閉環從量走向質必須補上的一環。將收費因應回收難易程度分級、引入按金退還、規定再生含量標準,可同時發出供給與需求兩方所欠缺的價格訊號;但制度設計是否足夠精細,將決定訊號能否貫穿由公共回收桶到再生處理線的鏈條。

在制度尚未落實之前,人人不妨多花幾秒鐘,倒乾殘液、取下樽蓋、撕去標籤。這不會解決所有問題,但它是在這條長長回收鏈上,每個市民都可盡力參與的唯一環節。而香港塑膠閉環的真正考驗,也正始於這兩秒的選擇——以及制度能否讓這兩秒,值得被付出。

註1:環境保護署:《香港固體廢物監察報告——2024 年的統計數字》,2025 年 12 月。

註2:立法會秘書處資料研究組:《香港廢物回收面對的挑戰》,2024 年 5 月。

註3:環境保護署:《審核 2025–26 年度開支預算管制人員對立法會議員初步問題的答覆》。

鳴謝

本文獲業界鄭倩薇女士提供行業資料,特此致謝。

何國俊教授
香港大學賽馬會基金經濟學教授、香港大學賽馬會環球企業可持續發展研究所所長

王芑丹女士
香港大學賽馬會環球企業可持續發展研究所專職研究員

(本文同時於二零二六年七月八日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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