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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Cross-Border Capital Flow Management: An Art of Balancing

Cross-Border Capital Flow Management: An Art of Balancing

24 Jun 2026
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跨境資本流動管理的平衡藝術

近期,中國證券監督管理委員會出台新方案,以整治跨境證券期貨基金經營活動,並得到香港證券及期貨事務監察委員會和金融管理局支持,同步更新內地客戶赴港開設證券投資帳戶的規則。

根據整治方案,境外證券期貨基金經營機構的非法跨境經營活動,將在兩年內被全面取締,現有客戶只可賣出不能買入,境內網站、交易軟件及配套服務都將全面關停。同時,富途證券、老虎證券和長橋證券因涉非法跨境展業行為遭到嚴厲懲罰。

嚴格執行現行法律法規

這一整治方案堪稱針對跨境證券期貨基金投資的重拳。根據現有法規,內地居民每人年度結匯購匯總額為5萬美元,用途僅限於境外旅遊、留學等,不得用於境外買房、境外投資、人壽保險等項目。嚴格來講,在境外從事證券投資,內地居民不能使用境內資金所兌換的外匯,此亦為機構要求開戶者出示資金來自境外合法來源的理據。

在實際操作中,券商在核查用戶收入來源時,未必做到絕對嚴謹,亦有券商通過種種手段規避現有監管,進入境內進行廣告招徠、提供交易便利與服務,上述遭到重罰的幾家券商即屬此列。因此,此整治方案並非內地居民對外投資的新規定,而是嚴格執行現行法律法規。

長期以來,中國對自由兌換資本的立場始終保持審慎。當前的資本流動管理框架主要包括以下兩個機制。一、建立了合格境外機構投資者(Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor;簡稱QFII)投資內地證券,以及合格境內機構投資者(Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor;簡稱QDII)投資境外證券的機制,允許相關機構進行跨境資本流動交易;兩者均採用配額管理。二、設立多個跨境互聯互通途徑,如滬港通、深港通、債券通等,投資者得以合法投資境外特定資產。

適度資本帳戶管理或有裨益

在國際學術界與公共政策界,對資本自由流動的認知,在過去數十年間發生了重要變化。1990年代,主流觀點認為後發國家應推動資本項目完全開放,實現資本跨國有效配置。隨着這一理念深入人心,跨國資本流動迅速增加。然而,接下來數年間,許多推進資本帳戶自由化的國家(如墨西哥、土耳其、韓國)均遭遇不同程度的金融危機。部分國家的危機由外資撤離引爆;另有部分國家雖禍起於蕭牆之內,但外資突然撤離更使危機雪上加霜。這一主流思潮也隨之逆轉。

及至2012年,國際貨幣基金組織在其文件中承認,完全資本帳戶自由化對後發國家未必適用。學術界為此展開了大量研究工作,論證作為宏觀審慎性工具之一的資本帳戶管理政策是否適切,並對如何施行最優的宏觀審慎資本帳戶管理提出建議。根據筆者與香港大學劉洋教授、蘇州大學劉思寧教授的近期研究,資本帳戶管理可以降低後發國家的匯率風險,從而降低本幣融資成本。

金融開放與穩定的平衡藝術

資本自由流動對一個經濟體的主要威脅來自資金突然中斷,包括國內資本大量外流,以及外國資本撤退,若在短時間內發生,必將嚴重影響國內金融市場的穩定性。為防外國資本突然撤離,可從限制外資大量進入著手。以宏觀審慎的方式管理資本流入,就能穩定資本可能流出。由此可以理解中國當局對大量外資湧入的顧慮——如果外資因風險偏好、信心等因素發生變化而急速撤出,必將引觸發國內金融市場劇烈波動。

中國十數年來穩慎推動金融開放。尤其是最近五六年間,國內投資境外證券的合規資金大幅增長達三倍之多,中國漸進式推進金融開放的趨勢仍不可更易。與此同時,中國將監管重點放在尚未完全開放的資本與金融項目,源於其對資金快速撤離危及國內金融穩定的憂慮。從宏觀審慎監管的角度出發,監管部門可考慮進一步對外資加以精細化管理。香港大學周皓南教授的研究指出,以資金來源的穩定性而言,並非所有國際資本都可等量齊觀。長期資本如保險資金、養老金、銀行資金等,其投資行為相對穩定,受國際金融動盪的影響也較低。至於共同基金、對沖基金等短期資本,則較易受到金融市場動盪的衝擊。因此,監管機構為求對資本流動加以精細化管理,理應根據各類資本的性質及其對國際、國內金融因素的不同敏感度,以進行分層跟蹤與管理。

審慎決策有賴因勢利導

值得注意的是,因資本大量外流而造成對資金中斷的顧慮,正是當局為何對資本外流十分審慎的另一邏輯基礎。國內資本形成於中國境內,只能通過調節資本外流來進行管理;近期對境外證券投資行為的整治方案也主要出於這一動機。與此同時,監管者必須正視在國際環境不確定性加劇的大前提下,不少投資者出於收益分享、風險分散等目的,而對跨境投資具有客觀需求,中長期的應對策略是宜疏不宜堵,並聚焦於管控金融風險和滿足跨境投資之間維持平衡。

事實上,在整治灰色跨境證券交易的同時,監管機構不妨考慮相應地擴大合法跨境證券投資的範圍,例如降低QFII 、QDII的額度,擴大各互聯互通機制的覆蓋面,讓投資者能夠失之東隅,收之桑榆,進一步擴大漸進式金融開放。與管理外資類似,在審慎擴大合法跨境證券投資渠道的政策推進中,當局應著力於設計有效機制,從而篩選出相對穩健的資金,以促進全球投資收益分享和風險分散需求。

方翔教授
港大經管學院金融學助理教授

(本文同時於二零二六年六月二十四日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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