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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Pro-Worker AI: Reshaping Work in an Automated Era

Pro-Worker AI: Reshaping Work in an Automated Era

29 Apr 2026
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親勞工人工智能:在自動化浪潮中重塑工作

近年,一些學者積極倡議名為「親勞工人工智能」(pro-worker AI)的發展方向。他們的核心主張並非反對科技或人工智能本身,而是質疑過去數十年科技進步的偏向:技術發展過度集中於自動化(automation),亦即利用機器取代人力以降低成本,而非增強(augmentation)人類能力。【註】

學者們如美國麻省理工學院經濟學家阿傑姆奧盧(Daron Acemoglu,2024 年諾貝爾經濟學獎得主)與其長期合作者約翰遜( Simon Johnson同年諾貝爾經濟學獎另一得主),以及著名勞動經濟學家奧特爾(David Autor )等認為,近數十年來的數字革命雖然提升了企業效率與資本報酬率,卻同時造成中產階級工作機會流失、薪資增長停滯,以及所得與財富差距擴大。不過,問題不在於科技進步本身,而在於科技設計與應用的方式。AI 未必是取代人類的工具;它也可以作為提升人類生產力、創造新任務(new tasks)與新產業的助力。

科技如何創造新任務

經濟史在這方面提供了重要線索。為何工業革命、電氣化或資訊革命沒有導致長期大規模失業?關鍵繫於科技在淘汰舊職位時,也創造了大量新任務,而這些任務需要人類的判斷力、協調能力與創造力。

電動馬達與工廠重組(1910–1920 年代)
蒸汽機時代的工廠依賴單一中央動力來源,透過皮帶與轉軸傳輸動力。工廠布局僵化,工人只能配合機器節奏,環境危險且效率有限。當電力普及後,每台機器配備獨立電動馬達,工廠得以按照生產流程重新設計,催生出流水線制度。這不僅沒有令工人被取代,反而增添設備維修、流程管理、品質控制等新職務。顯而易見,技術重組了生產過程以至勞動分工。

電動機械強化物理層面效能
起重機、推土機、電鑽等工具並未有把建築工地轉變為自動化,而成為了工人的延伸。譬如一名重型機械操作員,其產出就可能是體力勞動者的數十甚至上百倍。由於工人創造的經濟價值提升,企業在市場競爭與工會壓力下往往須付更高薪資。這正是「增強型技術」的典範:人類在生產過程中仍處於核心位置,而能力更大幅擴展。

電子試算表與知識工作轉型
1980 年代之前,大量簿記員負責以人手處理總分類帳。電子試算表確實自動化了部分記帳工作,但計算成本大幅降低後,企業得以進行更複雜的財務建模與預測。結果雖有職位消失,卻催生更多會計師、財務分析師與商業顧問。可見科技並未讓經濟活動縮小,而擴大了分析與決策的範圍。

阿傑姆奧盧強調,問題在於當代 AI 是否仍會遵循這種「創造新任務」的路徑,還是僅僅將既有任務自動化,導致勞動需求萎縮。

推動政策將 AI 引向親勞工方向

上述3位經濟學家認為,市場力量本身未必會自動導向增強型技術。企業往往基於成本考量與稅制誘因,選擇替代勞工的方案。因此,制度設計至關重要,其中包括下列重點。

一、消除對機器的隱性稅務補貼
現行稅制下,僱主需負擔社會保險與醫療保險成本;購買機器與軟件卻可折舊抵稅。這種不對稱容易造成平庸自動化(so-so automation),即便效率提升有限,也會為求節省稅款而裁員。

改革稅制方向應拉平資本與勞動的稅負,使企業決策基於真實生產力增減,而非稅務負擔。

二、引導科研資金  支持互補型 AI
創投資金偏好能全面取代人類的通用人工智能(artificial general intelligence)。阿傑姆奧盧主張,政府科研資助應優先支持與人類技能互補、能創造新任務的項目,而非單純追求自動化。

三、賦予勞工參與權
若採用AI 只由高級主管與工程師決定,其目的往往是監控與削減成本。應強化工會與勞工代表制度,讓前線員工參與 AI 設計與部署,使技術真正解決工作現場問題,而非成為裁員機器。

四、反壟斷與科技權力分散
AI 發展高度集中於少數科技巨頭,其商業模式就會偏向規模化與自動化。透過反壟斷執法與限制併購,可為多元商業模式創造空間。

五、建立「數據尊嚴」(data dignity)
AI 能力建立在人類長期累積的文字、程式與創作 數據之上。應承認創作者對訓練數據的貢獻,建立補償與分潤機制,避免 AI 公司無償汲取原創者成果,並進一步取代原創者。

六、改變科技文化敘事
目前科技界將「人類同等能力」(human parity)視為最高目標。阿傑姆奧盧主張應轉向「機器對人類的有用程度」(machine usefulness),以提升人類能力為成功標準。

關鍵批評與爭論

這套構想在學界與政策圈引發廣泛討論,也受到多方質疑。

一、增強與取代員工的界線模糊
若 AI 讓一名員工產出提升5倍,在需求未同步增加下,企業理性選擇可能是裁撤其餘人員。微觀賦能不一定轉化為宏觀就業擴張。

二、削弱創新與國家競爭力
科技企業與國防智庫警告,過度干預可能拖慢創新步伐。在全球 AI 競賽中,若因過度保護勞工而放慢腳步,可能被競爭對手超越。

三、「後勞動烏托邦」願景
阿爾特曼(Sam Altman)、馬斯克(Elon Musk)等科技樂觀派,主張全面自動化的趨勢不可避免,且值得擁抱。與其限制 AI,不如課徵高額稅款和發放全民基本收入(universal basic income),讓人類從勞動中解放。

四、自由市場觀點
新古典經濟學家認為市場機制終將創造新產業,政府難以預判哪種技術較佳。過度干預有降低整體效率之虞。

五、激進左派批評:所有權才是核心
在資本主義架構下,只要 AI 所有權由資本家掌握,則任何技術最終都可能被用於壓榨勞工。真正改革應指向企業所有權與 AI 基礎設施的公共化。

技術關乎選擇而非命運

面對批評,阿傑姆奧盧等人強調,科技發展路徑並非自然演進,而是制度與政策選擇的結果。他並不完全否定全民基本收入,但警告那可能導致「少數科技精英向大眾分配資源」的高度不平等社會。工作不僅帶來收入,也提供社會參與和尊嚴。

這場辯論已超越純粹技術問題,而成為一場關於政治經濟與人類未來的深層爭論:我們希望建立一個由自動化工廠與福利轉移支撐的後勞動社會,還是一個多數人能透過高技能工作參與,並創造價值的社會?答案將決定 AI 的發展方向,也將塑造21世紀的經濟與政治形態。

【註】:Acemoglu, D., Autor, D., and Johnson, S. (2026). “Building Pro‑Worker Artificial Intelligence.” NBER Working Paper No. 34854.

趙耀華博士
港大經管學院經濟學榮譽副教授

(本文同時於二零二六年四月二十九日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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