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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
The Off-field Battle Over World Cup Broadcasting Rights

The Off-field Battle Over World Cup Broadcasting Rights

27 May 2026
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足球盛事天價轉播權的場外博弈

2026年世界盃將在下月開波,四年一度的賽事又再牽動數以億計觀眾的心弦。本屆首次由美國、加拿大、墨西哥三國共同舉辦,賽事的場次從上屆64場增至104場,漲幅超過62%,時長也由29天延長到40天。

作為全球觀看人數最多的體育賽事,世界盃的媒體版權也是全球最貴之一。2026年世界盃整個周期的全球轉播權收入約為40億美元,佔國際足球協會(國際足協;英文簡稱FIFA)2023至2026年商業周期目標收入的30%,更是其最大的單一收入來源。

頂尖競技 價值非凡

2022年卡塔爾世界盃吸引了全球50億觀眾,換言之,世界超過一半人口在同一時段關注同一賽事。阿根廷對法國的決賽更吸引了15億人的眼球,亦即每5個人之中,就有1個人看了這場對決。然而門票難求,能置身現場觀賽的只是極少數,絕大多數球迷只能通過電視或串流媒體的廣播來欣賞比賽。

當千千萬萬球迷盯着同一比賽之際,廣告商嗅到無限商機,各種媒體看到大好時機,而最高主辦機構國際足協也絕不會放過此一絕佳的賺錢途徑。

世界盃的轉播權通常授予特定廣播機構,以在特定地區和時段播放賽事。以香港為例,世界盃的轉播權就以2500萬美元賣給電訊盈科,由該集團旗下的Now TV與ViuTV享有本地獨家播映權:收費電視Now TV將獨家全程直播總共104場賽事,而免費電視ViuTV則免費直播25場精選賽事,其中包括揭幕戰及決賽。

商業價值金字塔

轉播權費用不菲,關鍵在於遍布世界不同角落的觀眾注意力。須知世界盃各場賽事吸引力不一,全部賽事之中,僅有極少數(決賽和準決賽)足以產生30%觀眾的核心流量,而冷門小組賽所能吸引的觀眾往往不及10%。

由於觀眾人數差異巨大,取決於收視率的廣告費也別無二致,每場比賽的商業價值自然有天壤之別。即使同是小組賽,弱隊之間的比賽每場可能只值1000至2000萬美元,而強隊對壘每場則可值3000萬至6000萬美元。進入淘汰賽階段,每場比賽價值更以非線性方式上升,從準決賽到決賽,其價值可以翻倍至高達5億美元。

明乎此,世界盃天價轉播權可以比喻為一個金字塔。在104場賽事中,決賽和準決賽貢獻60%的商業價值;強隊之間的比賽是金字塔的中層,雖然都是小組賽,卻仍然得以貢獻30%的價值。金字塔底層包括多場冷門小組賽,其貢獻價值則只有10%。

打包推銷的盈利策略

既然百多場比賽的商業價值如此不平衡,世界盃轉播權的最佳銷售方式當然不會是每場比賽單獨出售,而是將所有比賽的轉播權作為一個整體打包賣出。事實上,國際足協銷售轉播權的打包策略也不限於男足世界盃,而與旗下女足世界盃、U20世界盃、U17世界盃等商業價值較低的賽事綑綁銷售。例如,今年國際足協給中國內地的轉播權,就將2027年和2030年的女足世界盃與2026年和2030年的男足世界盃一起打包,賣給了中國中央廣播電視總台。而國際足協給德國的轉播權,則包括2026年男足世界盃、2027年女足世界盃,以及U20世界盃。

轉播費猶如「海鮮價」

世界盃轉播權從來不是統一價格,而是按國家或地區逐一定價;世界盃轉播權的標價和最終成交價往往迥然不同。比如國際足協在中國內地最初要價3億美元,結果以6000萬美元成交,遠低於目標價格。又如印度,最初要價約1億美元,印度報價僅為約2000萬美元;截稿前雙方還沒有達成協議。

在討價還價的過程中,誰的議價權大,視乎一籃子因素,包括當地對足球的熱度、本國球隊有否參賽、賽事和當地的時差、廣告市場規模、當地媒體的競爭激烈程度,以及買賣雙方的談判距離世界盃開始時間的長短。

作為今年的東道主,美國自然派隊參賽,觀眾觀看賽事不大受制於時差,加上廣告市場規模大、價值高,所以世界盃在美國的轉播權賣得最貴,總合同約12.5億美元。反觀中國內地,雖然足球市場很大,球迷熱衷程度亦高,但中國隊沒能打進世界盃,賽事的時差嚴重影響觀眾的人數和廣告商的競價。再者,內地一家獨大的媒體,也讓媒體之間的競爭近乎零。

隨着世界盃開賽在即,國際足協寧願降價,也不願失去中國內地的龐大市場。另一亞洲大國印度,則因為觀眾對足球的追捧熱遠低於板球,導致市場規模小,買方壓價也就尤其嚴重。

當我們在電視機前欣賞球員在球場上施展渾身解數,在酒吧裡歡慶球隊勝利,又或在手機上重播世界盃的精彩時刻,我們極度專注、全程投入,以至茶餘飯後互相交流,統統成就了轉播權臻於天價的世界盃商業帝國。

范亭亭博士
港大經管學院市場學首席講師 

(本文同時於二零二六年五月二十七日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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