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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Hong Kong’s New Blueprint for Stablecoin Development

Hong Kong’s New Blueprint for Stablecoin Development

20 May 2026
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香港探索穩定幣發展新模式

2026年4月,香港金融管理局向香港上海滙豐銀行有限公司和碇點金融科技有限公司發出首批穩定幣發行人牌照。滙豐是香港最大的銀行之一,兼有發鈔行的特殊地位。碇點金融科技則由另一家大型銀行渣打,聯同安擬集團和香港電訊合資成立,其中渣打銀行為絕對控股股東。

發行人助力數字資產生態穩健發展

將首批穩定幣發行人牌照發給傳統商業銀行,顯示香港正在探索一種嶄新穩定幣發展模式。世界兩大主導美元穩定幣USDC和USDT的發行方都不是銀行,其應用場景集中在虛擬資產交易和跨境支付,與傳統銀行形成競爭關係。因此,政策制定者始終顧慮穩定幣規模的擴大可能導致金融去中介化,有損銀行業競爭力,並擴大金融風險。從積極方面來看,不少市場參與者期望穩定幣倒逼以商業銀行為主體的支付體系改進技術、提升效率、降低交易成本。

滙豐銀行和碇點金融獲得發行穩定幣資格後,理應建立資產代幣化和支持虛擬支付的技術設施,使穩定幣得以在鏈上流通。這些基礎設施既能用於穩定幣的支付、結算和清算,亦足以產生協同效應,以較低成本推動傳統銀行業務模式變化,促進代幣化存款和貸款等傳統銀行業務,實現技術進步與效率提升。

優勢互補的融合發展

香港的穩定幣發行從一開始就着眼於數字金融與傳統商業銀行的融合。市場上不乏觀點指出特區政府批出穩定幣牌照過於保守,未能滿足數字金融的需求,反而限於傳統的銀行結算與支付體系之內。筆者認為,這一觀點忽略了穩定幣發行與銀行業務代幣化的協同效應可創造的優勢。

首先,中央銀行與商業銀行體系已運作超過1個世紀。以存款保險為基礎、資本充足率和流動性覆蓋率為工具的監管系統,經歷多次經濟金融危機洗禮,足以相對有效地應對風險,維持金融穩定。

穩定幣作為一種新的支付工具,仍處於早期實踐階段。監管框架能否有效應對潛在危機,尚須時間驗證。因此,商業銀行存貸款代幣化同時滿足支付效率提升和保持金融穩定的雙重需求,是更加穩妥的選擇。與美國的「倒逼」模式不同,香港的穩定幣發展模式視穩定幣發行人牌照為契機,讓銀行自發提升效率。

其次,由商業銀行發行有利於增強穩定幣的安全性。維持幣值穩定,擁有足額高流動性、高安全性的儲備資產是重中之重。全球金融危機後的十多年期間,銀行業的流動性風險顯著降低。以滙豐為例,其流動性覆蓋率(約160%)遠高於國際平均值與監管紅線,所積累的高品質流動性資產可確保發行穩定幣初期的安全性。

與此同時,即使是流動性、安全性最高的儲備資產也可出現價格波動。如果市場信心因此動搖,穩定幣發行商的擠兌風險仍然存在。穩定幣發行商持續從發行業務中獲利的能力,即「特許權價值」(franchise value),將對其有效抵禦擠兌風險發揮重要作用。上述兩家銀行歷史悠久,客源龐大,盈利能力穩健,基於規模效應所積累的特許權價值遠高於非傳統金融機構的發行商,尤其在面臨穩定幣擠兌風險時,可主動注資以避免流動性危機。

最後,穩定幣發展的重大挑戰是合規性,即如何驗證客戶身份,避免穩定幣成為非法交易的溫床。相對而言,商業銀行等金融機構具備豐富的合規經驗,能夠高效、準確地完成驗證程序,維護穩定幣交易的合法性,有效回應監管方的要求。

權衡利弊的考量

國際輿論對穩定幣的前景褒貶不一,最具代表性的負面觀點來自國際結算銀行(BIS)的2025年度經濟報告。BIS提出貨幣作為一般支付方式需滿足3個條件:「單一性」(singleness),即用戶廣泛認可該貨幣的價值,不必懷疑和確認貨幣發行的底層資產與邏輯; 「彈性」(elasticity),即該貨幣能夠輕易滿足大額支付需求而不會引起金融風險; 「正當性」(integrity),即該貨幣可有效防止非法金融交易的產生。BIS認為穩定幣迄今尚未能滿足這三大標準,因此無法廣為接受。

以BIS的框架為審視依據,不難看出香港的穩定幣新發展模式能有效彌補這3方面的不足。香港穩定幣由傳統大型銀行發行,發行商的特許權價值使其擠兌風險低,貨幣的單一性基本得到滿足。穩定幣遵循足額儲備原則,支付風險低。即使儲備資產價格波動帶來風險,作為發行商的金融機構亦可利用其銀行系統注入流動性,更好地滿足穩定幣的「彈性」要求。擁有豐富合規經驗的金融機構可以最大限度實行客戶的身份審查,保證交易的「正當性」。

然而也有觀點認為,穩定幣與銀行業務代幣化共同發展或會削弱穩定幣在虛擬金融中的重要性:如果銀行存貸款都可以在鏈上交易、支付和結算,穩定幣還有何用?

事實上,即使代幣化存貸款高度發達,穩定幣在金融生態系統中的作用仍不可替代。穩定幣與銀行存貸款活動的根本差異在於穩定幣有足額抵押,每一單位穩定幣的發行背後都有一單位的儲備資產。銀行存貸款是差額抵押的,1單位的銀行存貸款背後的基礎貨幣遠小於1單位,其比例即所謂「貨幣乘數」。銀行通過貨幣乘數創造信用,貨幣乘數也讓銀行擠兌成為銀行的內在風險。

鏈上金融展望

鏈上資產的交易十分活躍,佔據大部分虛擬金融活動。鏈上資產具有收益高、風險大、價格波動劇烈的特徵,若投資者將代幣化銀行存款用於鏈上資產投資,一旦資產價值下跌即需補倉,投資者被迫提現,造成擠兌風險。在貨幣乘數運作機制下,即使是經營良好的銀行,一旦儲戶同時要求贖回存款,仍極易引發擠兌。

鏈上資產的高風險令代幣化銀行存款無法滿足鏈上用戶強烈的交易需求。面臨風險高、波動劇烈的鏈上資產,使用足額儲備的穩定幣而非代幣化銀行存款,就能應對鏈上資產價格劇烈波動帶來的贖回需求,而不致產生額外風險。因此,即使在一個銀行主導鏈上存貸款和資產交易的金融生態中,保持代幣化銀行業務和鏈上金融資產交易之間的區隔仍然不可或缺。在這種區隔下,穩定幣仍然是鏈上金融資產交易、結算與清算的重要手段。

從穩定幣發行人牌照發給兩家主要商業銀行,可見香港正邁向由金融仲介主導的鏈上金融世界。這是較為穩妥的方案,能夠控制金融風險,促進穩定幣和代幣化銀行業務同步發展,各司其職。同時,由於商業銀行的特許權價值及其在銀行體系中的流動性優勢,發行的穩定幣也更安全和穩定。

方翔教授
港大經管學院金融學助理教授

劉洋教授
港大經管學院金融學副教授

周皓南教授
港大經管學院金融學助理教授

(本文同時於二零二六年五月二十日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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