HKUBS_logo_25_web
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAcct
          • MAA
          • MAIB
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MSAF
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Research Assistant Professors / Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • PhD Job Market Candidates
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Impact Factors
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
  • 繁
  • 简
Type To Search
HKUBS_logo_25_web
Type To Search
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAcct
          • MAA
          • MAIB
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MSAF
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Research Assistant Professors / Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • PhD Job Market Candidates
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Impact Factors
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
HKUBS_logo_25_web
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
    • Overview
      • Message from the Dean
      • Vision & Mission
      • Milestones
      • Partnerships & Global Network
      • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
      • Rankings & Accreditations
      • Corporate Collaboration
    • Leadership
      • Faculty Management
      • International Advisory Council
    • Our Stories
    • Contact Us
    • Staff Portal
    • Campuses
  • Programmes
    • Undergraduate
    • Masters
      • MAcct
      • MAA
      • MAIB
      • MEcon
      • MFWM
      • MFin
      • MFFinTech
      • MGM
      • MSc(BA)
      • MScMktg
      • MSAF
      • MWM
    • MBAs & EMBAs
      • MBA
      • IMBA
      • HKU EMBA
    • DBA
    • PhD
    • Executive Education
  • People
    • Faculty
    • Research Assistant Professors / Post-Doctoral Fellows
    • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
    • Research Postgraduate Students
    • Administration
  • Research
    • Thought Leadership
      • Latest Research Publications
      • HKEJ Column
      • FT Chinese Column
      • In the Media
    • Academic Areas
    • Faculty Members
    • Research Grants
    • PhD Job Market Candidates
    • Seminars & Conferences
      • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
    • Impact Factors
    • Research Centres & Institutes
    • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
    • HKU Knowledge Exchange
    • HKU Scholars Hub
    • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
    • School News
    • In the Media
    • Press Release
  • Career
    • Recruit our Talents
    • Student Career Development
    • Career Opportunities
      • Faculty Recruitments
      • HKU Career Site

HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
U.S. Interest Rates Getting More Uncertain

U.S. Interest Rates Getting More Uncertain

23 Sep 2026
Share on TwitterShare on FacebookShare on WhatsappShare on LinkedInShare on Email
美國利率步入不明朗時期

聯儲局的公開市場委員會(FOMC)在上星期將聯邦基金利率上調0.25厘,是2023年7月以來首次,也是聯儲局新任主席沃什上台後的第一次息率更改。市場對加息的預期,在會議前一個月約為50%,但在會議前數天急促上升至80、90%,主要原因是8月份的消費物價指數(CPI)通脹率按月上升較預期多,同時也門的胡塞武裝迅速控制了曼德海峽,增加了中東局勢和能源市場的不明朗,而加息決定亦由FOMC的12位成員一致通過。

沃什於本年5月就任聯儲局主席,在之前的國會聽證會上,已表示對多年來聯儲局貨幣政策的不滿,與及他在政策執行上將會和數位前任不同,特別在和市場溝通方面。他特別針對所謂「前瞻指引」(forward guidance),認為是聯儲局「奧德賽式」(Odyssean)的自綁手腳,在多變的市場環境下不利貨幣政策對經濟的及時應對。

聯儲局的前瞻指引,始於2003年左右,初時只是表達政策會維持一些時間,供市場參考。2008年金融海嘯後,利息降至接近0%水平,傳統的貨幣政策空間有限,前瞻指引成為所謂非傳統貨幣政策工具之一。聯儲局為穩定市場對低利率的長期預期,多次說明低利率會維持「一些時間」(for some time)和「較長時間」(for an extended period),其後甚至說會維持至特定日期,如在2011年8月和2012年1月,分別指低利率會繼續至2013年中和2014年底。2014年後,前瞻指引改為利率基於經濟狀況而定的論述,比較強調貨幣政策的「反應函數」(reaction function)。這理應增加聯儲局的政策彈性,但在執行上仍難免錯漏,如新冠肺炎後美國政府於2020年3月開始連續三次大幅派錢給市民,通脹隨後來勢洶洶,一度高達8%左右,但聯儲局反應緩慢,到2022年3月才開始加息,而市場已先在金融資產價格上算入預期通脹。

以前瞻指引作為貨幣政策的一項工具,好處是比較容易將市場預期和政策目標對接,提高政策效率,如在政策清晰和得到市場信任的情況下,以降低貨幣增長率來壓縮通脹,失業率上升的程度可以減輕。此外,貨幣政策和金融監管事關重大,但聯儲局有相當獨立性,負責的官員毋須聽命於白宮,市民難以向他們問責。他們為市場提供的前瞻指引,可以代表某個程度的聯儲局問責。不過,前瞻指引的內容若被理解為必須進行的承諾,自然限制了政策的靈活性,而當指引明顯落後於經濟情況時,市場需要揣測聯儲局會否調整政策及力度如何。政策施於經濟的成效,視乎政策與市場互動的結果,而市場的部署,則視乎對政策的預期。後者若不明朗,政策的成效自然打了折扣。

現時利率水平已高於金融海嘯後的0%,政策空間加大了,聯儲局可以較少使用非傳統貨幣政策工具,也是對前瞻指引作深入研究及檢討的時候。然而,新任主席沃什領導下的聯儲局,可以不對市場作前瞻指引,但不能不和市場溝通或溝通不足。沃什上任後參與了三次FOMC議息會議,據媒體報道,他隨後會見記者的時間都只約30分鐘,短於數位前任的45 分鐘或更長時間,同時又限制記者發問,每人只能提出一個問題,及不得追問。除了解釋政策外,更重要的,是沃什作為聯儲局主席,他對美國貨幣政策的看法,也需要和市場溝通,不過仍然欠奉。上星期FOMC會議後的記者會,就有相關的啟示。【註1】

首先是貨幣政策通過什麼渠道降低通脹,會否影響就業。沃什表示物價穩定與充分就業並不衝突。不錯, 壓抑通脹不一定減少就業,但這只在特定勞動力市場情況下出現, 在一般情況下,貨幣政策通過總需求產生作用,聯儲局雙重使命的兩個目的有一定的取捨。沃什 認為去通脹不用減少就業,但沒有解釋是否常態,及在什麼經濟條件下達致。

當被問及「中性利率」(neutral rate)時,沃什說這只是學界的理論探討,並無實際用處。中性利率、或「均衡利率」,指宏觀經濟達到通脹指標和充分就業的實質利率。和中性利率有關的,是著名的「泰勒法則」(Taylor rule),這是貨幣政策調整的一個重要參考。當通脹高於指標時,央行應將市場利率調高於中性利率,以壓縮經濟活動、降低通脹;而當失業率上升時,央行應將市場利率調低於中性利率以刺激經濟。然而,中性利率不能直接觀察,央行都只能按不同的宏觀經濟模型和數據來估計。沃什說中性利率沒有用,那麼他 怎樣判斷聯邦基金利率是否合適和應如何調整,這些他都沒有說明。

沃什惜墨如金,在FOMC19個出席者中,是唯一沒有提交點陣圖數據的。按其他成員提供的資料,本年底和明年底的聯邦基金利率中位數估計都是4.125%,即今年內息率會繼續上升,而按目前情況,明年的利率不會怎樣下跌。但沃什的看法如何,市場並不知曉。在記者會上,沃什不像是以主席身份為整個FOMC發言,比較多為個人發言。他或認為減少溝通是適當的做法,但其他成員不一定同意。當主席減少發言而其他成員有不同程度的 表達時,信息難免混淆。

聯儲局的一個網頁上,清楚列明良好貨幣政策的三大原則,其中第一原則就是政策須得到清晰了解和有系統性【註2】。沃什上任後至今剛好4個月,他的看法對市場來說難言清晰,亦因此不能判斷是否有系統性。第三個原則指出當通脹高於或低於目標水平時,聯邦基金利率須有的調整幅度,背後就有泰勒法則的成分。這些都似乎不受沃什重視。然而,新官也有新猷,沃什在兩個月前成立了5個工作組,邀請主要是知名學者為成員,就溝通、資產負債表政策、數據、生產力及工作崗位、和通脹架構方面檢討和研究,並於本年底提出建議。也許沃什到時會制定清晰明確的貨幣政策框架。不過,沃什背後是特朗普的陰影,如果工作組的建議和特朗普的減息要求相左,沃什會否和鮑威爾一樣,和特朗普鬧翻以維持聯儲局的獨立性,是一大問號。上星期加息後特朗普說利率應該降低至1%以表示不滿,但隨後沒有進一步置喙。如果息率在未來數月持續再加一兩次,未知特朗普的反應如何。

另一邊廂,財政部的貝桑也混淆了美國利率政策。基於地緣政治演變和其他央行減持,美國政府長債息率持續上升,貝桑發短債購長債以抑制長息升幅,出手層層加碼,每次由20億美元加至60億。他亦同時賣歐元買日圓,與及對日本央行貸款美元,目的都是減少日本出售美國政府債券。長息反映市場對將來的增長、通脹、政局等各方面預期,財政部的干預,只有短期效果。作為炒賣老手的貝桑對此自然清楚,亦因此而在買賣之餘虛張聲勢,說自己掌握了不對稱信息,又嚇唬市場說「現在我就是莊家」(I am the house now)。隨著美國國債規模迅速增加和市場對美國資產的審視,類似的干預和口述將會越來越多。

市場利率反映資金充裕程度和貨幣政策的鬆緊,同時也反映儲蓄和經濟活動水平。隨著 人口老化導致儲蓄能力下降、各國政府特別是美國政府的財赤、發展人工智能的資金投入、應付地緣政治變化的國防開支、和應付氣候變化發展新能源的需求等等,金融海嘯後低利率的時代大概已結束。較高的利率水平會有較大的波動空間。當美國仍然主導全球金融體系的時候,美元利率的不明朗,自然外溢至其他金融市場。

【註1】https://www.federalreserve.gov/mediacenter/files/FOMCpresconf20260916.pdf

【註2】https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/principles-for-the-conduct-of-monetary-policy.htm

陸炎輝教授
港大經管學院榮譽副教授

(本文同時於二零二六年九月二十三日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

The Educational Imperative of the AI Era: Insights from ChatGPT Shocks in Online Labor Markets16 Sep 2026
Trending
The Educational Imperative of the AI Era: Insights from ChatGPT Shocks in Online Labor Markets
The Educational Imperative of the AI Era: Insights from ChatGPT Shocks in Online Labor Markets
Since ChatGPT was launched only a few years ago, the discussion around artificial intelligence (AI) and employment has clearly shifted. Initially, people worried about AI taking away jobs from humans; now, it is more worth pondering: when everyone can use AI, who will still have the ability to stay in the game?
16 Sep 2026
Faculty
Short-Term Stimulus and Long-Term Security: A Dual Approach to Reviving Domestic Demand
Short-Term Stimulus and Long-Term Security: A Dual Approach to Reviving Domestic Demand
Prof. Jian ZHANG
This year, China's economy exhibited an intriguing "scissors gap": in the first seven months, value-added industrial output of enterprises above designated size grew by 5.3%, and exports rose by 14%. During the same period, total retail sales of consumer goods registered a minor increase of only 1.2%, while fixed asset investment fell by 6.7%.
9 Sep 2026
Faculty
Dr Y F Luk_0367
About Author
Dr. Y. F. LUK

Honorary Associate Professor

Sign up for upcoming news and events
LinkedIn WeChat Instagram Facebook Weibo Twitter YouTube

©2025, HKU Business School. All Rights Reserved. | Privacy Policy | Web Accessibility Statement