HKUBS_logo_25_web
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAcct
          • MAA
          • MAIB
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MSAF
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Research Assistant Professors / Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • PhD Job Market Candidates
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Impact Factors
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
  • 繁
  • 简
Type To Search
HKUBS_logo_25_web
Type To Search
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAcct
          • MAA
          • MAIB
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MSAF
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Research Assistant Professors / Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • PhD Job Market Candidates
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Impact Factors
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
HKUBS_logo_25_web
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
    • Overview
      • Message from the Dean
      • Vision & Mission
      • Milestones
      • Partnerships & Global Network
      • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
      • Rankings & Accreditations
      • Corporate Collaboration
    • Leadership
      • Faculty Management
      • International Advisory Council
    • Our Stories
    • Contact Us
    • Staff Portal
    • Campuses
  • Programmes
    • Undergraduate
    • Masters
      • MAcct
      • MAA
      • MAIB
      • MEcon
      • MFWM
      • MFin
      • MFFinTech
      • MGM
      • MSc(BA)
      • MScMktg
      • MSAF
      • MWM
    • MBAs & EMBAs
      • MBA
      • IMBA
      • HKU EMBA
    • DBA
    • PhD
    • Executive Education
  • People
    • Faculty
    • Research Assistant Professors / Post-Doctoral Fellows
    • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
    • Research Postgraduate Students
    • Administration
  • Research
    • Thought Leadership
      • Latest Research Publications
      • HKEJ Column
      • FT Chinese Column
      • In the Media
    • Academic Areas
    • Faculty Members
    • Research Grants
    • PhD Job Market Candidates
    • Seminars & Conferences
      • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
    • Impact Factors
    • Research Centres & Institutes
    • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
    • HKU Knowledge Exchange
    • HKU Scholars Hub
    • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
    • School News
    • In the Media
    • Press Release
  • Career
    • Recruit our Talents
    • Student Career Development
    • Career Opportunities
      • Faculty Recruitments
      • HKU Career Site

HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Japan Owned the Technology, Others Captured the Business

Japan Owned the Technology, Others Captured the Business

14 Oct 2026
Share on TwitterShare on FacebookShare on WhatsappShare on LinkedInShare on Email
技術是自家的   生意是人家的

學術界飯局上談到半導體,總有人會問筆者:日本當年那麼厲害,怎麼就沒出現一個三星或台積電?問題問得很好,細想卻有點錯位。台積電做的是晶圓代工,替別人造晶片,自己並不賣存儲產品。日本也沒有退出存儲市場,鎧俠至今仍是全球領先的NAND快閃記憶體製造商。

真正的問題其實是:1980年代末一度拿下全球近半半導體市場的日本,為什麼在存儲和先進代工這兩條最賺錢的賽道上,一條都沒守住?今天手機、固態硬碟裡的NAND快閃記憶體,發明源於東芝,利潤卻拱手讓人。

低谷時誰敢砸錢

DRAM這類標準化晶片,說到底,比拼的就是成本。設備和研發先要大量資金投入;產量愈大,每顆晶片分攤的成本愈低。新產線又不能等價格回升才動工,等建好投產,行情或已成過去。可見這一行格外考驗毅力:低谷時繼續投放資源,所得利潤肯定欠佳;不投的話,下一輪景氣來了,公司卻缺乏產能接單。逆周期投資當然不是盲目擴產,若技術和需求跟不上,規模愈大只會虧損愈多。然而,歸根究柢,競爭還是誰敢在別人收縮時下注。

回看1990年代,韓國三星持續投入大型產線和嶄新設備,日本的綜合電機企業卻一遇上DRAM虧損,立即煞停投資,市況惡化時,連下一代工廠的建設計劃也一併凍結。資金為什麼批不下來?日本電氣(NEC)、日立、東芝都是巨頭,可半導體只是其眾多事業之一,通訊設備、家電部門同樣伸手要錢。半導體部門在集團裡被視為燒錢大戶,管理高層中了解實際業務的並不多,重大投資很難迅速拍板。

這正是筆者在經濟學課堂上講解的企業委託代理(principal-agent)問題。替老闆管事的人,著重的是今年的帳,一項5年後才見回報的巨額投資,拖一拖,就公司的績效評估而言,這完全合理;但年年如是,該投不投,整個業務的未來就會被拖垮。三星同樣是業務多元化的財閥,為什麼不一樣?差別在於決策權握在誰人之手,掌權人又願意忍受多久的虧損。李氏家族可以集中拍板,調動整個集團的財力去撐半導體。然而家族經營絕非萬靈丹,也會押錯方向,而在資本密集、周期劇烈波動的行業,決策的速度和毅力,往往比組織架構圖上的方框重要得多。

與客戶共贏的新業務

三星爭的是規模,台灣台積電則找到一門全新的生意。張忠謀創辦台積電時,給客戶的承諾只有一句:「我們不跟你競爭。」晶片設計公司最怕把設計圖交給一家既幫你代工,又自己賣晶片的廠商;今天是製造夥伴,明天就是產品對手。台積電剔除這層顧慮,設計公司進場門檻隨之降低;各家訂單匯到同一條產線,規模愈大、成本愈低,隨之吸引更多訂單。

日本廠商那套設計、製造、銷售一條龍的模式,在往昔年代無疑具備優勢,只是面對全球分工的浪潮轉身太慢。這不是說垂直整合就落後,三星便是反例。關鍵在於組織有沒有緊貼市場而變:原本替集團自家產品服務的工廠,願不願意、能不能夠轉型以服務全球客戶?至於1986年日美兩國半導體協定一類的外部衝擊,確實令競爭環境惡化,倒也解釋不了此後30年的衰敗。把帳全算到美國頭上,也許省事,卻正好蓋住了內部激勵不足的毛病。

工程師去了哪裡

有論者認為,那是日本的工程教育出了問題。這說法站得住腳嗎?NAND閃存就是反證。其實更該提出的問題有二:技術人員能不能走上經營崗位?經驗能不能跨企業流動?日本呈現出一個值得正視的現象:企業重組、終身僱用制動搖,加上推行提早退休,大批資深半導體工程師被迫離開,韓國廠商以高薪羅致,直接縮短了企業的學習曲線。該國幾十年培養出來的人才,其中不少過檔到海外競爭對手。

栽培人才,不能只計算大學每年畢業多少工程師。產業持續收縮,學校教得再好也留不住人,人往高處走是最樸素的經濟學。台灣走的是另一條路,工業技術研究院早年派工程師遠赴美國取經,回台後在示範工廠實際磨練,繼而把技術、設備連同整支團隊轉移到聯電(UMC)、台積電。從課堂到研發到創業,中間有一條走得通的路。

日本要相應改革,出發點應在讓專業人才拿到與貢獻相稱的回報、決策空間和發展前景。否則口號喊得再響,理性的工程師留在大企業舊崗位,仍是最安穩合理的選擇。

香港如何借鏡日本經驗

這段歷史離香港不遠。電子產品長期佔香港貨物出口的重要部分,半導體AI相關產品更是高價值貿易的一環。其中必須分清,晶片漲價推高了出口貨值,不等於香港創造的增加值也同比上升。貨物經過香港與價值留在香港,完全是兩回事。香港要爭的是在技術服務、融資和供應鏈管理上多分一杯羹,目標並不是單單成為吞吐量更大的轉口港。

要分這杯羹,香港的王牌是高等教育,本地有5所大學已擠進世界百強。大疆創辦人汪滔是香港科技大的畢業生,公司卻開在深圳;商湯起家於香港中文大學實驗室,重心也落在內地。深圳有供應鏈、市場,人才北上不算壞事,然而貨物經過香港,價值未必留下,人才經過香港,也不一定留下。香港本地的激勵同樣不足,學者的考核看論文、看引用,技術轉移方面佔比很輕,一如日本經理人只看今年帳目。筆者見過不少工科畢業生,拿學位當敲門磚,轉身進了投資銀行。人望高處,香港的高處不在工廠。

香港近年大談創科,日本這段經歷正好拿來對照:孕育出來的人才,會不會有企業接得住?投了錢,有沒有具備行業知識、願意長期負責的人加以管理?項目碰到低谷,決策者是看技術前景和市場趨勢,還是只盯着手上的虧損數字?筆者看來,最後這一條往往是核心所在。

章逸飛博士
港大經管學院經濟學高級講師

(本文同時於二零二六年十月十四日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

Lessons from the Tai Po Fire for Corporate Philanthropy Strategy7 Oct 2026
Trending
Lessons from the Tai Po Fire for Corporate Philanthropy Strategy
Lessons from the Tai Po Fire for Corporate Philanthropy Strategy
Prof. Shipeng YAN
On November 26, 2025, an unprecedented fire broke out at Hong Fu Court in Tai Po, drawing widespread attention from all sectors of society. In addition to the full-scale rescue efforts by various government departments, including the Fire Services Department, and social welfare organizations, companies also quickly mobilized as an important force in disaster relief.
7 Oct 2026
Faculty
The Survival Guide for All in the Post AI-Era – From Individual Planning to Corporate Strategy
The Survival Guide for All in the Post AI-Era – From Individual Planning to Corporate Strategy
Prof. Joseph CHAN
AGI (Artificial General Intelligence) is the AI that could learn, decide and execute, and we are already in its early days.  Just this week, Meta has rolled out its agent Muse, and quite a few service-based digital platforms have seen their stock price drop in the US stock market.  Its related conversation has shifted from "what if" to "how fast," and the answer is unsettling.
30 Sep 2026
Faculty
Yifei ZHANG
About Author
Dr. Yifei ZHANG

Senior Lecturer

Sign up for upcoming news and events
LinkedIn WeChat Instagram Facebook Weibo Twitter YouTube

©2025, HKU Business School. All Rights Reserved. | Privacy Policy | Web Accessibility Statement