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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Trip.com’s Record Fine: A New Milestone in China’s Antitrust Crackdown?

Trip.com’s Record Fine: A New Milestone in China’s Antitrust Crackdown?

5 Aug 2026
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攜程天價罰單:中國強力反壟斷新的里程碑?

近日,內地網上旅遊平台巨頭攜程因涉嫌利用其在行業的市場支配地位盈利,被監管部門開出高達 51.79 億元人民幣的罰單,引發輿論高度關注。攜程被處罰的原因,是其迫使酒店與其簽訂「獨家合作」「全網最低價」等帶有排他性或變相排他性的條款,限制酒店在其他平台開展正常合作與競爭,並藉由流量排序、促銷資源等工具,對不配合的合作方施加懲罰。上述行為損害競爭對手和酒店利益,違反中國反壟斷法。另一邊廂,是線下酒店、民宿的生存空間持續受壓,利潤大幅下滑。因此,這宗「天價罰單」,或許並不讓人意外。

攜程事件並不是中國反壟斷領域的個別案例。2021 年,阿里巴巴因長期要求商家不得同時在競爭平台開店或參與促銷,被認定濫用市場支配地位而遭罰 182.28 億元。隨後,美團在外賣領域因類似的排他性合作條款與演算法策略,同樣被處以數十億元反壟斷罰款。幾宗個案說明同一件事:一旦龍頭平台握有大量用戶流量、數據與技術優勢,就有能力、有動機透過合同條款、平台規則乃至演算法等「隱性手段」,影響市場正常的競爭秩序,對客戶和競爭對手造成損害,對行業健康發展和就業帶來負面影響。考慮這些因素,攜程的天價罰單以及之前的一系列類似個案,可能成為中國政府強力反壟斷的一個新的里程碑,開啟對大企業、大平台強力反壟斷的新階段。這一判斷,除了因為壟斷行為本身帶來的危害之外,還基於以下三點。

一、經濟走弱,壟斷加劇小企業困境,與宏觀目標背道而馳

攜程案發生在中國經濟增速明顯放緩、內需不足、部分行業信心受壓的大環境下,中小企業面臨的壓力往往比大企業更為直接與劇烈:融資難、成本高、需求不穩定,任何來自市場秩序的額外衝擊,都可能成為壓垮它們的最後一根稻草。

以線上酒店預訂行業為例。龍頭平台若要求酒店提供「最優惠價格」並排斥其他平台,酒店一方面要承受較高的平台佣金與營運要求並接受較低的價格,另一方面又喪失透過其他平台分散風險、爭取更好條件的機會。小中酒店被迫歸邊,又要接受最低價,盈利能力大幅削弱,經營風險同步推高。酒店盈利能力的下降,也會進一步蔓延至下游供應商,對更大範圍的中小企業帶來負面影響。

從宏觀視角看,內地政策現時以穩住增長、保住就業、穩定市場信心為重心,防範經濟急速放緩。若壟斷扭曲競爭秩序,大量中小企業利潤被擠壓乃至退出,則本應帶動創新與新增就業的企業反成拖累,政策初衷落空。就此而言,反壟斷不止於微觀規則調整,更是防止經濟結構「頭重腳輕」的宏觀調控與優化之舉。

二、小企業的就業貢獻更高,壟斷擠壓直接轉化為就業風險

從眾多國際研究與中國官方統計來看,中小企業創造就業的邊際貢獻較高。據世界銀行和國際勞工組織的研究,在多數國家中小企業提供了超過一半乃至七成以上的就業機會,是新增就業的主要源泉。經濟學者 Meghana Ayyagari、Thorsten Beck、Asli Demirgüç-Kunt 等的實證研究也表明,與大型企業相比,中小企業勞動密集度較高,生產單位產出能創造更多就業機會。

目前,中國就業市場面臨較大壓力,官方也多次強調「中小企業是吸納就業的主(要)渠道」。壟斷擠壓大量中小企業的生存空間,收窄的其實是整體就業的迴旋空間。以攜程案為例,如果壟斷行為導致其它網上旅遊平台失去競爭機會,小型旅行社與地方平台難以成長,連帶影響的就是本地導遊、酒店服務人員、交通司機、線下小商戶等多個群體的收入與工作機會。一旦這種擠壓在多個行業中疊加,就可能轉化為更高的失業率、更大的結構性失業風險以及更嚴重的地區差異。因此,從「穩就業」的政策目標出發,反壟斷的意義遠不止於執法本身,而在於透過保護中小企業,為就業與社會穩定留出緩衝空間。

三、在國家規劃框架下建設公平有效的市場競爭秩序

攜程天價罰單的開出,也應置於國家中長期發展戰略框架下來理解。《「十四五」規劃和 2035 年遠景目標綱要》中明確提出,要完善社會主義市場經濟體制,健全公平競爭制度,加強反壟斷和防止資本無序擴張,營造市場化、法治化、國際化的營商環境。這反映出中央決策層重視公平競爭:資本和大型平台有著較高的效率優勢,其發展固然重要,但必須在法治框架內運行,不能凌駕於市場規則之上損害其他企業和消費者的合法權益。

因此,加強反壟斷執法是中央政策落地的一部分,承擔多重功能:一是為市場傳遞清晰信息,即規模與技術優勢不構成豁免權,任何企業濫用市場地位,必承擔法律與經濟成本;二是迫使龍頭平台從壟斷控制轉向服務創新,以實力競爭而非壓制競爭維持領先;三是為中小企業營造可預期環境,免於在資訊不對稱與規則不透明中歸邊,可同時與多個平台洽談,爭取較佳條件。展望未來,「十四五」之後的「十五五」及更長遠的規劃,料續以高質量發展為綱,前提是市場競爭秩序公平、開放、透明;反壟斷非阻礙大企業成長,而是防止資本偏離公共利益,維護市場整體效率與公平。

結語:從攜程罰單走向高質量發展的市場新格局

攜程被重罰,表面上是一宗平台經濟反壟斷的矚目個案,本質上則是中國在新階段探索「規模與公平、效率與就業」平衡的一個縮影,也反映目前穩增長、穩就業的政策目標。大企業的成長與壯大,對技術創新和國際競爭力固然重要,但如果這種成長建立在排他性控制、壓制中小企業和破壞公平競爭之上,最終損害的將是市場活力、創新動力與社會穩定。因此,中央料續加強反壟斷力度,以維持高效公平的市場競爭環境;反的不是企業的「大」,反的是壟斷帶來的違法獲利行為。

從這個角度來看,攜程天價罰單既是一次嚴厲的警示,也是市場監管制度的自我進化。如何在鼓勵平台經濟發展提高效率與防範壟斷造成的損害之間找到平衡,將在未來相當長一段時間內,持續考驗內地監管當局的智慧與市場監管能力。而可以基本確定的一點是,中國將繼續加強對大企業、大平台的反壟斷。大企業也需要在新的反壟斷環境下,調整業務模式,合理合法經營。

李晶博士
港大經管學院工商管理學學士(國際商業及環球管理)課程副總監

(本文同時於二零二六年八月五日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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