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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Short-Term Stimulus and Long-Term Security: A Dual Approach to Reviving Domestic Demand

Short-Term Stimulus and Long-Term Security: A Dual Approach to Reviving Domestic Demand

9 Sep 2026
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短期刺激與長期減負缺一不可

今年中國經濟呈現一組耐人尋味的「剪刀差」:首7個月,規模以上工業增加值增長5.3%,出口增長14%;同期社會消費品零售總額只微升1.2%,而固定資產投資更下跌6.7%。服務零售額則增長5%,顯示服務消費相對較有韌性,卻仍不足以扭轉內需整體偏弱的局面。此外,上半年居民人均可支配收入名義增長5.2%,但人均消費支出只增長3.7%。

中國目前更突出的矛盾,不是供給能力不足,而是如何把生產、就業和收入更順暢地轉化為家庭信心與有效需求。

這也是《十五五規劃綱要》把擴大內需放在更重要位置的背景。國家規劃綱要提出「居民消費率明顯提高」,七月公布的《擴大消費「十五五」規劃》進一步提出,到2030年社會消費品零售總額達到約60萬億元(人民幣,下同),居民收入增長與經濟增長同步,並拓展養老、托育、健康、文旅和體育等服務消費。規劃方向清晰,關鍵問題是,如何把政策目標轉化為家庭願意持續消費的制度條件?

由制度分擔更多風險

傳統消費理論早已指出,消費取決於預期一生可支配的資源。若一項補貼只是短暫花紅,家庭會把相當部分儲起或還債;只有當就業、工資和轉移支付被視為持久,家庭才會穩定提高日常開支。

醫療、失業、養老、長期護理和住房等風險,在現實中往往難以由市場完全承保,收入不穩的家庭也未必能在需要時借款。於是,即使風險尚未發生,家庭也會先建立「緩衝儲蓄」(buffer-stock saving)。近期有關消費降級和居民趨於節儉的媒體報道,反映的未必是偏好突然改變,而可能是家庭面對未來風險時的理性回應。

因此,把問題概括為中國人不願消費,既不準確也不公平。對不少家庭來說,存款不是閒置的購買力,而是自費建立的失業保險、醫療保險、養老金和住房安全網。財政政策促進消費的第一支柱,應推動制度更多地分擔這些個別家庭難以承擔的尾部風險(tail risk)——提高基本醫療、失業、養老及長期照護保障的實際深度和可攜性,讓農民工、靈活就業者及平台工作者跨地區流動時,仍有可信保障,並由中央財政承擔更多跨地區均等化的責任。這不只是福利政策;政府以較強的資產負債表匯集風險,能降低家庭預防性儲蓄,從而釋放消費潛力。

本年8月18日,國務院公布修訂《住房公積金管理條例》,這是一個值得肯定的例子。新規定把可提取範圍擴至租金、裝修及物業費,使公積金不再只是購房融資工具,而能支援實際居住開支。放寬用途可以減少家庭因資金被鎖定而產生的額外儲蓄需求,與減少自保型儲蓄的政策方向一致,使既有儲蓄能在真正需要時動用,從而減輕流動性約束和日常住房負擔。

短期刺激的橋樑效應

這並非說消費券、以舊換新或貸款貼息沒有作用。事實上,2026年政府安排2500億元超長期特別國債支持消費品以舊換新,另設1000億元財政金融協同促內需專項資金。在需求轉弱時,這些措施托住了行業與就業,也為結構改革爭取時間。然而橋樑必須有出口,一次性刺激的另一端,應連接可信、持久而有針對性的收入支持。

現代家庭金融研究顯示,同樣是1元財政資源,其消費效果會因受惠家庭的財務狀況不同而有很大差異。流動資產較少、收入受到衝擊,或面對供養、醫療和還債壓力的家庭,邊際消費傾向(marginal propensity to consume)通常較高。筆者在大規模消費稅改革的研究中亦發現,家庭對加稅與減稅的反應並不對稱,也會提前購買或在不同商品之間替代。換言之,價格型政策可以改變何時買、買甚麼,卻不會等量地自動增加長期總消費。

歸根究柢,政策識別不宜只看年度收入或是否擁有住房,還應考慮現金流、失業風險、供養人口、醫療支出和債務償還。財政工具也不應僅限於派券,規則清晰且可持續的育兒津貼、失業金、低收入現金補助、社會保險補貼,以及讓未達個人所得稅起徵點家庭也能受惠的可退還稅額抵免,都能同時改善當前現金流和未來預期。

投資於人,也是投資內需

消費與投資並非零和博弈。對托育、養老、醫療、教育和社區服務的財政投入,一方面可以擴大服務供給、創造就業和累積人力資本;另一方面也能降低家庭所面對的金錢和時間成本,提升婦女及其他照顧者的勞動參與和消費能力。如此投資於人,既是有效投資,也是擴大服務消費的基礎。

隨着收入上升,家庭需求自然會由耐用品逐步轉向服務。服務業的市場准入、質素標準、人才供應、消費者保障和有薪假期,因而與現金支持同樣重要。真正的消費轉型,不是簡單地把資源從投資預算轉移至購物補貼,而是把投資方向改為以人為本,由此強化社會保障和服務能力。

張健教授
港大經管學院金融學副教授、數字經濟與創新研究所副總監

(本文同時於二零二六年九月九日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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