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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
How should Hong Kong explore GBA’s unique I&T opportunities?

How should Hong Kong explore GBA’s unique I&T opportunities?

13 Oct 2021
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香港如何發掘大灣區獨特的創科良機

正當全國經濟實力雄厚的城市紛紛招賢納士、擴張高等院校、興辦科技園之際,筆者不禁想起自1999年起,在深圳舉辦的中國國際高新技術成果交易會,那本地、海外的科研人才蜂擁而至,濟濟一堂的盛況。深圳至今發展成首屈一指的科技大城,香港在科技產業的發展瞠乎其後。面臨新一波創新及科技熱潮,如何後來居上,甚至脫穎而出,無疑是本港未來經濟發展的一個迫切問題。

大灣區不是矽谷

粵港澳大灣區能否發展成類似美國北加州的灣區?筆者跟業界朋友交流,經常討論到這個問題。美國的灣區經濟以矽谷為核心,從1960年開始異軍突起,引領科技創新的潮流,成為全球獨樹一幟的高科技中心,堪稱國際楷模。相對於矽谷以供給作為驅動的模式,大灣區的創科模式則由需求驅動。

矽谷經濟中令人津津樂道的傳奇,無疑是「車房創業家」(garage entrepreneurs)。這些創意橫溢的年輕人,從簡陋的車房白手起家,然後向大公司或風險投資基金兜售成果。蘋果公司的創始人喬布斯(Steve Jobs)可說是當中的佼佼者。

以科技和藝術的雙向思維開發新產品,創造新需求,這正是矽谷精神的核心。蘋果產品的前世今生確實驗證了頭腦王者的強大,非現有市場需求所能驅動。在矽谷早期,雖然不少中小企業得益於美國國防部門的訂單,但多屬支援性質,不算需求驅動。

反觀深圳的高新技術企業,大都模仿現有產品,加以改良,降低成本,其發展或依賴海外訂單,或利用國內龐大市場;前者的代表是華為,後者的典型是騰訊。這些漸進式的創新以市場需求為導向,靠的是行銷商的精明和勤勞。而矽谷企業側重的是大刀闊斧的產品創新,以人和科技為導向,靠的是企業家的創意和遠見。因此,把大灣區打造成中國矽谷的想法是一個認識上的誤區。

深圳模式的啟示

深圳高新技術的發展是中國經濟成功的典範之作。然而,在中國高新產業屢屢遭遇關鍵技術被「卡脖子」之後,不少人開始反思深圳模式的利弊。最近,內地網上流傳一篇文章,由深圳科技局一位前官員執筆 【註】,在業界引起頗大反響。文章總結了深圳創科特點的「四個90%」︰90%以上的研發人員集中在企業;90%以上的研發經費來自企業;90%以上的研發機構設立在企業;90%以上職務發明專利來自企業。

言下之意,深圳高新技術的發展是企業主導,市場需求驅動,並不是什麼科研成果轉化成為生產力的結果。這與筆者的觀點頗為一致。

有人憂慮深圳這種模式跟國家的科技布局脫鈎,跟科研系統強調的科技突破脫節,如何撐得起強國科技崛起的重擔?也有人詬病企業家眼光短淺,看重短期利潤,迴避高風險,不願問津從零到一的重大創新。

依筆者所見,深圳得以成功,正因沒有過度參與國家的科技布局,不受國家科研資金分配的制約,能讓市場充分發揮作用,不斷激勵企業家的創業熱情;這是需求驅動型創科經濟的必經之路。

當然政府主導基礎研究,以此帶動應用科技發展,無可厚非。在今後很長一段時間裏,這種政府主導的供給驅動模式將會是全國科技產業發展的一大支柱。現在各省各市都摩拳擦掌,紛紛想從中分一杯羹。大灣區的城市也不甘示弱,引發爭經費、搶人才的新一輪大戰。隨着與大灣區日益融合,香港不可避免地捲入科技競爭,雖說機遇不少,但也困難重重。

先天條件的局限

與深圳相比,走需求驅動型的創新道路,香港無甚優勢。隨着國際競爭形成新格局,中國的創科企業必須更依賴龐大的本地市場,又有多少香港企業能把握住內地市場的脈搏?像淘寶、拼多多這樣的電子商貿平台,沒有對內地市場的深切體會,是不可能創造出來的。筆者在香港大學授課時,經常讓內地學生介紹內地新穎的商業模式,在香港土生土長的同學往往聽得一頭霧水,足見新一代港人與內地市場之間的隔膜。

因此,要緊貼大灣區由需求驅動的創新潮流,香港的發展空間不大。前路大致有兩條:一是提供中介服務;二是與內地企業合作。第一條路最典型的例子就是內地的高科技公司來港上市,香港企業提供各種金融服務。港人對此不會陌生,輕車駕熟,生財有方。第二條路則需要港企主動出擊,與內地企業聯手開發技術,攜手進軍內地市場。隨着香港和內地的人才交流日益頻繁,這方面的發展空間理應愈來愈大。只是這兩條道路,香港很大程度上處於附屬地位,恐怕難以帶動高科技產業騰飛。

以供給型創新謀出路

香港要成為創新科技中心,就不得不在供給驅動型的方向另闢蹊徑。20多年前,美國社會學家AnnaLee Saxenian撰寫的《地區優勢》(Regional Advantage)曾在內地高科技界風靡一時。這本書比較了美國兩種供給型創新模式:一種是社區型的矽谷模式,另一種是科層型的麻省128公路模式。

矽谷模式屬分散扁平型,創新者擁有很大的自主權,企業界限模糊,解決技術難題往往依靠人與人之間的信任和互助。而在128公路模式中,佔主導地位的是組織嚴密的大公司,創新者必須接受公司統一規劃,與其他功能部門協同作戰。企業各據山頭,不相往來,技術難題基本上內部解決。這兩種模式各有利弊,矽谷模式固然令人嘆為觀止,128公路模式也催生一些不同凡響的獨角獸。

就中國而言,最有條件採用128公路模式的是大型國有企業和體制內的研究所。這些機構規模龐大、部門齊全、人才眾多、資金雄厚。香港科技園自2002年起培育了不少創科公司和人才,成績也算過得去。

本屆特區政府上周發表任內最後一份《施政報告》,規劃發展北部都會區,力圖打開「北創科,南金融」的局面。為實現這一政策目標,港府可以雙管齊下,一方面聚焦高等教育,促進產研學一體化;另一方面則築巢引鳳,大規模引進高科技企業。

無論採用哪種策略,香港既無大而全的優勢,亦無計劃管理的傳統,不宜走128公路的模式。相比之下,分散扁平的創新模式更適合香港。這就離不開建立以人為本的創科軟環境。內地以上海為首的大城市已意識到人才環境的重要性,推出一套涵蓋城市稟賦、政策環境、個人素質、企業能階、產才融合、城才融合等多方面衡量城市軟環境的指標,以此吸引國內外高尖人才。香港如何揚長避短,有待各界人士集思廣益。筆者也將在此專欄與讀者繼續討論。

 

【註】:深圳科技局原副局长:深圳创新路径揭示了一个残酷事实,2021

 

吳延暉博士
港大經管學院副教授(經濟學、管理及商業策略)

(本文同時於二零二一年十月十三日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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