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Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
Stablecoins: From Issuance Race to Network Battle

Stablecoins: From Issuance Race to Network Battle

22 Jul 2026
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穩定幣市場競爭從發行轉向建網

隨着全球貨幣數字化發展日趨成熟,穩定幣市場正醞釀一項意義重大的新動向。據報道,Visa、Stripe等逾百家金融與科技機構聯手組成 Open Standard 聯盟,預計於年內推出美元穩定幣 Open USD。Open USD主打零鑄造費與儲備利息共享,將穩定幣的儲備收益,從現行發行商主導的雙邊分潤安排,改為面向整體分發網絡的共享機制。參與陣容包括Visa、萬事達卡等支付網絡,紐約梅隆銀行、渣打銀行等金融機構,以及谷歌、IBM等科技企業。

消息甫於6月30日公布,穩定幣發行商Circle的股價即一度下挫17%,可見投資者已開始意識到,穩定幣競爭的焦點,正從「誰能發幣」轉型至「誰能掌握分發、結算與收益分配的網絡」;從單一代幣的信用競爭,轉向結算軌道、支付接口、分發渠道與收益分配權的多維度博弈。

支付網絡之爭:從穩定幣發行到鏈上結算

近一年來,穩定幣支付基礎設施的競爭明顯升溫。首先是穩定幣發行商向底層結算和支付網絡延伸。2025年8月,Circle宣布推出Arc,打造以主流穩定幣USDC為核心的原生區塊鏈;在USDT使用場景周邊,Stable則提出以USDT作為原生支付與手續費資產,將USDT既有的全球流動性升級,而成為更專門化的支付基礎設施。在支付網絡層,Circle進一步推出Circle Payments Network,將銀行、支付服務商、虛擬資產服務商與企業納入一個合規的穩定幣支付網絡。

與此同時,傳統支付網絡與金融科技公司也開始向鏈上結算深入布局。Visa已將USDC等穩定幣引入卡網絡後台結算,並逐步建設支持多幣種、多區塊鏈的鏈上結算平台。萬事達卡除了推動穩定幣卡支付與商戶收款外,亦於2026年3月宣布以最高18億美元,收購穩定幣基礎設施的龍頭公司BVNK,以補強其連接鏈上支付與法幣軌道的能力。至於Stripe與Paradigm,則於2025年9月推出支付優先的區塊鏈Tempo,為多種穩定幣提供共同的支付與結算基礎設施,而非將支付網絡綁定於單一發行商。

顯而易見,穩定幣競爭已不再是發行商之間的單線角力,而是兩類商家的邊界重劃。Circle等主流穩定幣發行商正從「發幣」走向「建網」,Visa、萬事達卡、Stripe等支付公司則從支付網絡切入鏈上結算。前者的優勢在於穩定幣流動性、發行經驗和加密生態分發;後者的強項在於商戶網絡、銀行關係、合規能力和支付場景。穩定幣支付市場的勝負,既有賴於穩定幣的可信度,也取決於公司能否率先將鏈上結算嵌入現實支付流程。

儲備收益之爭:從利潤分配到網絡激勵

Open USD真正觸動市場神經之處,正是穩定幣商業模式中最核心的問題:儲備收益由誰取得、如何分配、又用來激勵哪些網絡參與者。傳統模式中,發行商承諾一比一兌付美元,並將收到的法幣投入美國國債等儲備資產。由於穩定幣通常不向持有人付息,儲備資產收益便成為發行商最重要的收入來源。事實上,發行商並不能獨享收益,例如Circle長期與加密貨幣交易所Coinbase等分發渠道分享收益,說明既有模式本身已包含發行商與核心渠道之間的利益分配;但關鍵在於,這種分配多以雙邊合作展開,且穩定幣發行方依然扮演主導角色。

Open USD的創新在於試圖改寫上述收益與分發結構。一方面,它不是依賴單一發行商,而是以機構聯盟方式組織穩定幣的發行與流通網絡;另一方面,它主打零鑄造費、零贖回費,並將儲備資產收益與聯盟內參與者共享。換言之,Open USD並非只是推出另一種美元穩定幣,而是計劃把儲備收益從發行商主導的雙邊分潤,轉變為覆蓋整個分發網絡的激勵機制。

假設更多銀行、支付公司、交易所和科技平台因收益共享而有動機接入、推廣和使用Open USD,有助該穩定幣迅速形成流通網絡;而穩定幣使用本身又具有網絡效應,使用者愈多,愈能夠吸引商戶、錢包、交易所和支付機構加入。尤其值得注意的是,參與者中包括Coinbase這類長期與Circle保持合作關係的加密貨幣交易所,這意味著Open USD對既有穩定幣分發格局將構成直接挑戰。

互通性之爭:碎片化生態與網絡效應

貨幣之所以具有強大的網絡效應,是因為「使用帶來接受,接受又帶來更多使用」。穩定幣作為加密貨幣的天然屬性與當前穩定幣支付基礎設施的競爭態勢,自然引來對於其生態系統「碎片化」的關注。同一發行商在多條區塊鏈上發行同名穩定幣,並不代表這些代幣天然互通。跨鏈轉移往往需要依賴「橋」、交易所或其他中介機制。國際結算銀行在其2026年年度經濟報告中指出,若支付系統互通性差、彼此割裂,難以累積網絡效應,只會變成分散在不同區塊鏈上的局部支付工具,無法構建統一的數字貨幣網絡。

發揮網絡效應,關鍵在於提升不同支付工具與平台之間的互操作性,從而充分連結供給側與需求側。筆者近期利用約兩億個終端用戶錢包、覆蓋8條主要區塊鏈的穩定幣持倉數據,以進行實證研究,結果發現發行商信用、儲備品質固然重要,但需求端的本地生態同樣決定成敗。穩定幣選擇具有高度黏性:超過九成的錢包只使用一種穩定幣。

再者,新錢包長期貢獻約四分之一穩定幣交易活動,說明用戶在進入某條鏈、某個錢包或某一交易場景時形成的初始選擇,會對後續市場份額產生持久影響。更重要的是,不同穩定幣在不同鏈上的市場份額差異顯著且持續,深受鏈上流動性、既有用戶網絡等條件影響【註】。這說明穩定幣的網絡效應並非由發行商或聯盟自上而下所創造,而是在具體交易場景和具體用戶入口中逐步累積而成。

傳統支付體系本就不是單一軌道,卡網絡、電匯、即時支付與跨境代理行網絡長期並存,各自服務不同場景。放眼未來,預期穩定幣支付也不會由單一區塊鏈或單一幣種壟斷;重中之重在於誰能打通分散的鏈、錢包、交易所和支付場景,讓穩定幣像普通支付工具一樣順暢使用,誰就能在碎片化生態中重塑穩定幣的網絡效應,得以主導市場。

註:Fang, Huber and Zhou. Global Reach, Local Depth: Stablecoin Choice Across Chains. 2026

方翔教授
港大經管學院金融學助理教授

劉洋教授
港大經管學院金融學副教授

周皓南教授
港大經管學院金融學助理教授

(本文同時於二零二六年七月二十二日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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