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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
Offshore Renminbi-backed Stablecoins: Opportunities and Challenges

Offshore Renminbi-backed Stablecoins: Opportunities and Challenges

22 Aug 2025
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離岸人民幣穩定幣機遇與挑戰並存

2025年8月1日,香港《穩定幣條例》生效,標誌著中國將逐步參與穩定幣市場,並探索如何通過香港這一離岸金融中心,利用穩定幣推動人民幣國際化。 要回答這一問題,我們需要在當前市場情緒高漲的背景中,理性、客觀地理解離岸人民幣穩定幣的發展邏輯。

離岸人民幣穩定幣的發展前景由其使用需求、底層資產供給和政策與監管支援三個因素決定。

需求潛力巨大,但儲備資產不足

在需求層面,未來人民幣穩定幣的主要應用將集中於跨境支付上。 穩定幣可以利用支付效率高、成本低、手續便捷等技術優勢服務實體經濟。 2024年全年,經常項下人民幣跨境收付達到十六萬億元,是兩大穩定幣USDT和USDC總市值的八倍。 在中長期,這一巨大的結算體量有望逐步轉向穩定幣。

離岸人民幣穩定幣的發展亟需解決儲備資產供給不足問題。 截至2024年末,點心債餘額1.7萬億元,其中國債和央票合計3500億元,短期債券佔比不足一成。 若人民幣跨境貿易中的20%採用穩定幣支付,且穩定幣的流通速率與美元穩定幣相似(根據我們的估計為6.8),僅貿易場景所需穩定幣規模就將突破4000億元,相當於當前離岸人民幣短債的十余倍。 因此,離岸人民幣穩定幣發展需要加速構建更大的離岸人民幣安全資產池。

穩定幣的貿易支付潛力與儲備資產供給挑戰一體兩面,相互依存。 經濟學研究表明,貨幣的貿易結算與儲備資產功能具有強互補性。 貿易支付份額的提升能促進其成為儲備貨幣,降低融資成本; 反之,流動性強的安全資產市場會推動貨幣的貿易結算。 中國的人民幣國際化經驗佐證了這一理論。 例如,簽訂雙邊本幣互換協定改善人民幣融資條件后,相關國家的人民幣跨境支付增長四倍。 擴大離岸人民幣短期國債和香港政府債券供給,能發揮貿易結算需求與儲備資產規模和流動性的協同作用。

離岸人民幣穩定幣將為現有的支付結算體系提供補充。 近年來CIPS、數字貨幣橋等舉措提升了跨境支付效率。 然而,這些管道依賴於雙邊談判,發展耗時,其運行依賴各國發展程度不一的銀行體系,也深受地緣政治的影響。 與此相比,運行在公鏈上的穩定幣跨國接受度高,不直接受制於各國政府。 當前已湧現不少跨境支付架構連接傳統支付系統。 若能將類似技術納入離岸人民幣穩定幣的頂層設計中,有望在短時間內實現支付效率的提升。

港元穩定幣先行探索

離岸人民幣穩定幣的發展確有其複雜性。 在有限度的資本項目開放政策下,如何處理離岸人民幣穩定幣與在岸人民幣的關係仍需探索。 相較而言,依託自由兌付和聯繫匯率制度的港元穩定幣更具操作性。 率先推出的港元穩定幣將在儲備資產管理、金融穩定、合規、反洗錢、網路安全等維度經受時間和市場的檢驗,為後續離岸人民幣的發展提供有益的經驗。

對於眼下香港穩定幣的發展,監管部門的立場趨於穩健。 提升監管經驗和水準,確保穩定幣不淪為滋養犯罪的溫床,是穩定幣未來發展戰略的題中應有之義,決定穩定幣能否行穩致遠。 不過也應注意,穩定幣方興未艾,過度嚴苛的監管可能抑制市場活力。 現階段的監管應當借鑒美國穩定幣發展的經驗,保持適當靈活性,在實踐中動態調整,在風險防控與創新激勵間達到理想的平衡。

方翔教授

港大經管學院金融學助理教授

劉洋教授

港大經管學院金融學副教授

周皓南教授

港大經管學院金融學助理教授

(本文同時於二零二五年八月二十二日載於《FT中文網》明德商論專欄)

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