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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Will Trump Dismiss Powell?

Will Trump Dismiss Powell?

20 Nov 2024
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特朗普會辭退鮑威爾嗎?

 

特朗普在成功當選下屆美國總統後,迅即籌組內閣。從人選來看,差不多每個任命都是要顛覆原有建制,這為未來數年的美國及國際社會增添濃厚不確定性。明年1月,美國各政府部門都有新主管上任,然而有一個重要職位不會因總統換屆而改變人選,那便是聯儲局主席。現任主席鮑威爾由特朗普提名和參議院確認,但隨後因加息引起特朗普的不滿。看來若法律或政治成本低的話,特朗普也會以親信取代鮑威爾,並將聯儲局來個翻天覆地的改動。

聯儲局與貨幣政策的重要性不言而喻,在這次總統選舉中更清晰可見。不少調查都顯示經濟是選民最關心議題,而40年來首次出現的高通脹,正是民主黨失敗的一個主要原因。這次通脹在2021年中已明顯呈現,但聯儲局在翌年3月才首次加息,未能先發制人,通脹因而冒升至2022年6月的9.1%。雖然通脹在今年中已放緩至約3%,惟物價水平仍高企。由2021年4月至本年10月,消費者物價指數上升了18.3%,這都被選民算在拜登和賀錦麗頭上,同期間工資雖然有增長,卻被看為個人努力的成果。

面對通脹,拜登政府也有一些應對措施,例如出售40%的戰略石油儲備以紓緩能源價格,但畢竟不若貨幣政策之有效。同時,民主黨被傳統思維限制,在經濟議題上一貫重就業輕通脹,看見失業率徘徊於歷史最低水平的4%以下,便認為已贏得民心,忽略了40年來通脹都處於低水平,約50歲以下選民都是首次面對無端失去大幅購買力的困境,而把通脹歸咎於企業提高價格以謀取暴利的論述,實際上並沒有解決問題。聯儲局這次對通脹反應過慢,加上其他政治經濟因素,使一些政客產生把貨幣政策收歸政府行政部門的意圖。諷刺的是,特朗普這次勝出的一個原因是兩年多的通貨膨脹,但他二進白宮後迅速推行的高關稅,將大幅提高美國物價。

美國大選結果揭曉後不久,剛好是聯儲局議息會議結束,鮑威爾在記者會上被問及,如果特朗普要他辭職會否接受,他只簡單回應一個「不」字,然後是好幾秒鐘的冷場,無聲勝有聲地道出他與特朗普之間的張力。特朗普2017年以鮑威爾取代耶倫任聯儲局主席;其後聯儲局在2017及2018兩年加息7次,每次0.25厘,把2008年金融海嘯後接近零的利率提高至較正常水平,但特朗普認為提高利率會影響他任內經濟,公開稱鮑威爾是敵人,他和他的團隊是笨蛋(bonehead)等。這次競選期間,特朗普數次提過總統要有權決定利率,認為自己賺錢很多,也很成功,在很多情況下比聯儲局決策人和聯儲局主席有更佳直覺。其後他又自辯,說不是要直接控制利率,只是認為總統可如其他人一樣就利率政策表達意見。他警告在競選期間減息有助民主黨競選,但又多次提及當選後會減息,儘管在目前框架下,他沒有這個權力。

鮑仍可掌FOMC 誕兩權力中心

聯儲局成立的法律依據,是1913年國會通過的《聯邦儲備法案》(Federal Reserve Act)。聯儲局有3個主要組成部分,分別是聯邦儲備理事會(Federal Reserve Board of Governors)、12家聯邦儲備銀行(Federal Reserve Banks)和聯邦公開市場委員會(Federal Open Market Committee,簡稱FOMC)。嚴格來說,《聯邦儲備法案》中沒有聯儲局主席一職,只有聯邦儲備理事會主席。理事會有7位成員,都由總統提名和參議院確認,任期14年,原則上不能續任,而且任期平均分布,大約每兩年委任一名新成員。此外,理事會主席及兩位副主席也是由總統在7人中提名及參議院確認,每個任期4年。現時鮑威爾作為理事會主席任期到2026年5月,但作為理事會成員,他的任期到2028年1月才結束。

至於那12家聯邦儲備銀行,分別對全國12個區域提供服務,主席則由該銀行的董事物色及委任,不在總統權力之內。聯儲局的貨幣政策由FOMC制定,FOMC設有12位成員,包括理事會的7位成員及紐約聯邦儲備銀行主席,其餘4位則由餘下11家聯邦儲備銀行的主席輪流擔任。其他聯邦儲備銀行主席可以出席FOMC會議,但沒有投票權。《聯邦儲備法案》沒有說明誰是FOMC主席,傳統上,FOMC的12位成員都會推舉理事會主席為FOMC主席及紐約聯邦儲備銀行主席為FOMC副主席。也就是說,FOMC的正、副主席並非由總統提名委任。

現時鮑威爾在聯儲局中有幾個職位,分別是理事會的主席和成員,以及FOMC的主席和成員。特朗普要辭退鮑威爾,須先從他理事會成員職位着手,但要解除理事會成員職務,必須要有一個合適和有力的理由,如瀆職或玩忽職守等。若以政策看法與總統或白宮相左為理由,自然難以服眾。如果只解除鮑威爾理事會主席職務,仍然留他為理事會成員,程序或許較為簡單或阻力較小,不過他仍可被推舉為FOMC主席,和今天一樣在每次議息會議後面對傳媒。若總統另外提名理事會主席,會使聯儲局內出現兩個權力中心。無論是解僱的過程或結果,都會帶來金融市場震盪。

和這點有關的是,目前可能出現的一個政策矛盾。FOMC是合法制定貨幣政策的單位,如上所述,它包括了7位理事會成員和5位聯邦儲備銀行主席。前者由總統提名委任,後者的委任和總統無關。與此同時,法律又把銀行在聯儲局儲備金的利息決定權授予理事會。在一般情況下,銀行儲備的利息與FOMC制定的聯邦基金利率步伐一致、相輔相成。但假如FOMC認為應該提高聯邦基金利率,較容易受總統影響的理事會卻降低銀行儲備金利率,政策矛盾便出現。

特朗普若不能或不想付出太高成本辭退鮑威爾,那他仍可以等到有空缺時委任志同道合者為理事會成員或主席,去影響聯儲局的貨幣政策,不過這有一定的困難。他在第一任總統期內提名了3人,均過不了參議院,其中女經濟學者謝爾頓(Judy Shelton)因主張美元與黃金掛鈎及對聯儲局獨立性置疑而失去一些共和黨參議員的支持。

有趣的是,被特朗普考慮做財政部長的貝桑(Scott Bessent),建議特朗普上任後即提名及爭取參議院提早確認新的理事會主席人選,作為影子主席,架空鮑威爾。影子主席可就貨幣政策發言,在慣常的前瞻指引(forward guidance)做法下,市場會比較聽取影子主席意見而不理會任期只到2026年的鮑威爾。貝桑說這只是他個人意見,而非特朗普的意見,但又說曾和特朗普討論,並有把這個想法與特朗普的顧問分享。未知貝桑這一招會否在未來美國黨爭中被重複使用,導致政壇幻影重重?

 

陸炎輝博士
港大經管學院榮譽副教授

(本文同時於二零二四年十一月二十日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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