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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
The Reality of Sustainable Investing and Return on Investment

The Reality of Sustainable Investing and Return on Investment

21 Feb 2024
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可持續投資與回報現實

可持續投資方興未艾,2023年資產總值已增至3萬億美元;可持續基金的表現勝過2022年,惟在不同資產類別卻表現不一。據美國金融服務公司晨星(Morningstar)去年12月發表的報告,若與傳統基金相比,可持續基金略見遜色。

近年來,投資者逐漸注重綠色環保產業,認為環境、社會及管治(Environmental, Social, and Governance;簡稱ESG)有助於企業不斷創新,足以建立可持續的未來,並為投資者提供機會。許多投資基金及機構投資者因此將之納入投資決策。那麼,投資者的取向及可持續基金的績效,對促進可持續實踐有何實質作用?

投資策略元素如何篩選

機構投資者和資產管理公司可通過ESG整合,將此三大範疇納入其投資分析和決策過程,針對ESG風險和機會,以及傳統財務指標,以評估投資的長期可持續性和業績。訂定投資決策之前,亦可透過ESG數據和指數,例如碳排放、MSCI ESG評級,從而評估企業的ESG表現。

評估企業ESG報告的質量和透明度,有助投資者作出明智的決定。繼2013年公布《環境、社會及管治報告指引》後,港交所規定,所有上市公司自2016年起必須發表ESG年報;其後又在指引中加入新規定,聚焦上市公司董事會監督ESG事宜,以及重大氣候變化風險的應對措施。這些監管框架為企業披露氣候相關風險和機會提供了指導方針。

若機構投資者將ESG主題納入其投資策略,可專注於特定的可持續發展主題,例如可再生能源或節約用水,使投資決策與特定社會目標保持一致,既可支援綠色產業,同時尋求財務回報。

另一方面,投資者亦可按負面條件為依據,剔除不符合特定ESG標準的企業,例如避免投資煙草、武器或化石燃料等行業。負面篩選使投資者能將其投資組合與價值觀掛鈎,並排除與其ESG目標不一致的投資項目。另外,影響力投資(impact investing)不僅追求投資回報,還積極尋求投放於可產生社會和環境效益的項目或企業,如支持扶貧紓困。這些投資項目旨在產生可衡量的社會和環境影響以及財務收益;通過納入ESG考慮因素,投資者在追求財務回報的同時,也能為社會和環境出一分力。

剖析投資實質表現

美國有經濟學者曾研究可持續性評估與投資表現的關係,通過分析美國2萬個、總值8萬億美元的互惠基金(Mutual Funds)市場,結果顯示,市場投資者普遍重視投資的可持續性,被歸類為可持續性低的互惠基金,淨流出資金超過120億美元;而可持續性高的互惠基金,其淨流入則逾240億美元。至於可持續性高基金的投資回報是否必定優於可持續性低基金,則未有充分證據可資證明。

儘管強調社會責任的股票和基金近年激增,卻可能良莠不齊。有西方學者進行研究,把2010至2018年期間由同一金融機構管理的美國ESG基金與非ESG基金加以對比,發現ESG基金投資組合中的不少公司,在遵守勞工和環境法例的紀錄都較差。

縱使ESG基金內投資組合公司的平均ESG得分較高,但與持有公司的合規紀錄或實際碳排放量無關。例如,有關公司雖自願披露碳排放表現,但也持有碳排放量較高的股票。研究結果顯示,ESG基金似並未兌現對持份者的ESG諾,而且收費高昂,但投資回報表現卻不及其他基金。

儘管可持續性發展甚具潛力,傳統行業相應轉型卻挑戰重重,包括前期資本成本不菲、監管存在不確定性和依賴政府補貼、競爭激烈和資本密集、供應鏈中斷、研發及基礎設施升級的支出高昂。這些因素都會影響企業盈利能力,並阻礙短期投資回報;受影響的行業包括可再生能源、電動汽車和農業。

投資真相不容忽視

在急功近利的情況下,ESG投資不免出現「漂綠」(greenwashing)問題,即企業或投資產品誇大或歪曲其ESG元素,或會給投資者帶來疑惑。此外,由於缺乏客觀報告ESG績效的標準化框架和指標,投資者不易區分真假。

至於評級一環,既未能全面反映ESG問題的複雜性,也無法充分考慮特定行業的背景,投資者應盡量對所涉因素深入理解。鑑於ESG投資往往集中在已經建立完善ESG系統的大型企業,小型公司和新興市場所能獲得的ESG投資機會相對有限,投資者不妨漁翁撒網,擴大投資範圍。

平衡財務回報與ESG目標,對投資者來說也是挑戰。ESG實踐因前期成本高昂,或會影響企業的短期財務業績。然而,有研究顯示,整合ESG因素有助於創造企業長期價值和降低風險。ESG標準應與財務重要性更緊密地保持一致,以確保投資決策由最有可能影響企業風險狀況和財務回報的因素驅動。

在布局全球投資組合的同時,應考慮不同地區在社會、文化和監管環境方面的差異,以提高ESG投資策略的有效性。不可不察的是,單憑ESG標準,難以認清企業營運的複雜性和風險。投資者宜在參考ESG評級之餘,輔以傳統的財務評估,透過對財務業績、監管合規、策略彈性,以及ESG元素的整全分析,從而有效管理風險。

投資策略須面面俱到

為了應對上述挑戰,投資者應進行徹底研究,以評估公司所發表ESG聲明的可信度和真確性。仔細研究ESG評級的方法,並從獨立ESG研究機構獲取專業觀點。將ESG元素整合到傳統的財務分析中,便於全面了解企業的業績和風險。同時考慮財務回報和長期可持續性,力求在ESG目標和財務目標之間取得平衡。

投資者應該積極與企業合作,鼓勵改進ESG實踐。股東有權通過代理投票、與管理層的對話,以及與其他投資者的合作來影響企業行為。與企業合作有助於推動變革和提升ESG投資的有效性,並促進ESG報告的標準化和透明度;制定一致的指標和方法,則有利於全方位對比不同企業。

ESG已成為將可持續性和道德考慮融入投資的工具,但也不能抹殺ESG相關項目的挑戰和局限性。投資者必須克服缺乏標準化的問題,平衡財務回報與ESG目標,擴大分析範圍,考慮文化背景,加上傳統的財務評估來補充ESG元素。通過穩健的調查、綜合分析、持續參與,投資者亦足可駕馭ESG投資面臨的種種挑戰,並在追求財務回報的同時,致力為環境、社會及管治成果作出貢獻。

 

參考資料

  1. S. Hartzmark and A. Sussman, “Do Investors Value Sustainability? A Natural Experiment Examining Ranking and Fund Flows,” The Journal of Finance, Vol. 74, No. 6 (December 2019), pp. 2789-2837.
  2. A. Raghunandan and S. Rajgopal, “Do ESG Funds Make Stakeholder-Friendly Investments?” Review of Accounting Studies, Vol 27, (June 2022), pp. 822-863.

 

 

謝國生博士
港大經管學院金融學首席講師

何敏淙先生
香港大學附屬學院講師

(本文同時於二零二四年二月二十一日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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