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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
The Branding of “Bidenomics”

The Branding of “Bidenomics”

2 Aug 2023
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「拜登經濟學」這個品牌

美國6月份消費物價指數(CPI)按年升3%,遠低於預期,而除了和住房有關的價格外,其他物價指數都有明顯放緩跡象。租金因有租約限制而變動較慢,但估計增幅亦會逐漸向下。換句話說,困擾了美國經濟約兩年的通脹似乎已經受控。聯儲局大幅加息遏抑通脹,很多人預期會導致經濟下滑甚至衰退。然而,上周公布的美國第二季GDP仍有2.4%的年增長率,稍高於預期。再看看勞動力市場,6月份失業率為3.6%,過去一年多來都低於4%。這些宏觀數據均說明目前美國經濟表現良好,甚至被認為是數十年來最突出的年份之一。

借通脹回落 爭選民支持

根據美國皮尤研究中心(Pew Research Center)的調查,五分之四的美國人認為在選舉時,經濟是他們決定投票給哪位候選人的非常重要因素。經濟情況理想,在朝的民主黨自然要領功,並借勢為明年總統大選鋪路。剛過去的6月28日,美國總統拜登在芝加哥的演講,便把目前經濟表現歸功於自己上任後的經濟政策,並統稱之為「拜登經濟學」(Bidenomics),當天白宮也發出新聞稿詳加說明【註】。

與其他類似的詞語,如列根經濟學(Reaganomics)或安倍經濟學(Abenomics)一樣,拜登經濟學不是什麼新穎的經濟學理論,只是就過去兩年多來的經濟政策,概括出一個有關聯但並不嚴謹的框架,方便推廣「拜登」這個品牌(branding)。

拜登經濟學一詞並非最近才出現,事實上,它先被支持共和黨的傳媒,如《紐約郵報》和《華盛頓檢查者報》等用來嘲笑拜登經濟政策的不濟,特別是使消費者怨聲載道的高通脹。目前經濟表面上好轉,拜登及其團隊便反客為主,主動詮釋拜登經濟學這個名詞,並賦予正面、可爭取選民的內容。

按上述的拜登演講和白宮新聞稿,拜登經濟學旨在推動出自中層及由下而上的經濟增長,而非由上而下的滴漏(trickle-down)。它有三大內容,一是在美國國內作聰明的公共投資,這明顯表現於投資和補貼基建、晶片和綠色產業上。二是提升及教育工人、擴大中產階層。這除了刺激經濟創造就業外,還有支持工會和鼓勵工人加入工會,談到前者時,拜登自詡在任首兩年便創造1340萬個工作崗位,比很多總統的4年任期還多,不過隨後即被「事實核查」(fact check)發現他首兩年新創崗位少於特朗普同期,1340萬中大部分並非新工作,只是新冠疫情放緩後恢復的崗位。三是促進競爭以降低生產成本及協助企業家和小型企業發展,包括一系列的反壟斷措施、以降低配方藥物價格和堵塞稅務漏洞來降低財政赤字等。具體的項目很多,難以一一列出,惟不難看出自相矛盾之處:如大規模公共投資導致的財政赤字,遠超越堵塞稅務漏洞帶來的財政收入;又如有強大工會的企業能否有足夠競爭力,值得懷疑。

拜登的主要經濟政策,也可以從他的主要立法來看。他在2021年初上任後不久,便推出了1.9萬億美元的《美國救援方案》(American Rescue Plan),提高失業救濟金額和發放現金予民眾。新冠肺炎疫情爆發後,美國的失業率曾一度升至15%,當時特朗普已動用了3萬億美元救急。拜登上台時,失業率已降至約6%,是否需要再添1.9萬億美元,值得商榷。這兩者合共的財政刺激,可以說是美國50年來再陷高通脹的主要原因。聯儲局研究發現,財政刺激提高了美國通脹率2.5個百分點。這裏也可看出拜登政府對財政赤字有多重視。

去年8月,經過各種洽商和討價還價,拜登成功地在國會通過兩項重要法案,分別是《晶片與科學法案》(CHIPS and Science Act)和《降低通脹法案》(Inflation Reduction Act)。前者是要振興美國晶片行業,後者旨在發展諸如電動車等新能源行業,但做法都離不開選擇性補貼、規定有美國本土生產成份,以及限制甚至打壓一些外國企業等。有論者稱為經濟上的民族主義(economic nationalism)。總的來說,拜登經濟學可以理解為以美國政府的有形之手,在國內高調地挪用資源大搞工業政策,在國外左右全球貿易大搞「友岸外包」(friend-shoring)。拜登經濟學若對美國經濟有積極效果,不單有助拜登及民主黨的執政,甚至可以成為劃時代的經濟政策標杆,如羅斯福的新政或列根經濟學那樣,影響未來多年的美國經濟。

成效待揭曉 民眾信心低

然而,現時還不是評估拜登經濟學的時候,當中很多政策,例如公共投資、工業政策等,都需要比較長期才有清晰結果,不過就目前的了解,仍可以有下面的一些疑問。首先是美國經濟在短期內是否一直向好發展?上周聯儲局在加息後仍表示,下半年還有再加息的可能。聯儲局一向強調基於數據作判斷,目前距離下一次9月的加息會議,還有分別兩次通脹率和勞動市場的新數據。按聯儲局估計,要到2025年,美國通脹率才會持續性地達到平均2%的政策目標。屆時聯邦基金利率有多高?會否回到新冠肺炎疫情之前的低水平?

還有一點,就是貨幣政策有滯後性,而且滯後時間可長可短。換句話說,聯邦基金利率從介乎0至0.25厘,大幅加到5.25厘至5.5厘區間,對經濟的收縮作用或許還未全面呈現,因而美國經濟仍然有衰退的可能性。與此同時,若政策能有效降低通脹,名義利率卻仍維持高位,那意味着實質利率上升,亦不利於經濟活動。

其次,根據美聯社和國家意見研究中心(National Opinion Research Center)在約兩個月前的一個調查,只有13%的共和黨人認為目前美國經濟是好的,民主黨人比例相對較高,惟亦只得47%。平均來說,僅30%美國人對經濟狀況感到滿意,這與經濟數據所顯示的有所出入。差別的主要原因,在於過去一年多以來沒有預期但突然冒升的高通脹,大大打擊了消費者的信心,即使通脹已明顯下降,仍然猶有餘悸。另一個原因可能是人均可支配實質收入(real personal disposable income per capita)雖然從去年中開始已慢慢增加,但至今仍然低於長期趨勢水平。此外,加息拉低了房產價格,業主的名義財富減少了,也容易產生經濟不好的感覺。

保護主義濃 恐虛耗資源

工業政策是拜登經濟政策中最受人詬病的一環,也是經濟學者們爭論最多的議題之一。簡單來說,工業政策是以政府有形之手去扶助某個產業,成功與否視乎有關產業是否可造之材,值得將資源調配到有關方面,否則是浪費資源。此外,即使能成功扶植,也有成本多高的考慮。通過干預才得到的結果,通常都會降低經濟效率。不過這方面需要比較長的時間才能觀察清楚。

至於拜登經濟學中濃厚的保護主義,也不利經濟效益,亦會引發其他國家以牙還牙,到頭來互相抵消、虛耗資源。像拜登政府以補貼鼓勵美國人多購買電動車,但汽車要在北美洲裝配才有補貼,直接打擊了歐盟和南韓的電動車出口到美國,促使歐盟也考慮實施類似政策。歐美諸國常大聲陳述貿易要遵守國際規則,然而到與切身利益有關時,則堂而皇之地將規則置諸腦後。

拜登及其經濟幕僚大張旗鼓打出拜登經濟學這個品牌,有很好的聚焦作用,但這是一把雙刃劍。有關政策若能起到良好效果,可以揚名立萬;若效果乏善足陳或漏洞百出,則容易淪為笑柄。

註:https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/06/28/bidenomics-is-working-the-presidents-plan-grows-the-economy-from-the-middle-out-and-bottom-up-not-the-top-down/

 

陸炎輝博士
港大經管學院榮譽副教授

(本文同時於二零二三年八月二日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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