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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
China’s strategy in the Australia trade dispute

China’s strategy in the Australia trade dispute

7 Jan 2021
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聞道長安似奕棋

過去大半年來,中國與澳洲的貿易糾紛愈演愈烈。澳洲出口到中國的貨品,從龍蝦、大麥、牛肉,到木材、棉花、糖、紅酒,乃至最近的煤炭和精銅,紛紛遭北京政府認定有各種問題,因而施加懲罰性關稅或禁止入關。

有人說中國的主要敵人是美國,雙方在貿易戰線上仍處於對壘狀態,這時不宜四面樹敵。其實不然,中澳爭拗是中美博弈這盤大棋中的一小部分,中方主動出擊,藉此打擊美國盟友,相信是精心部署的一著。

中國外交戰略

中國與西方國家之間在價值觀念、政治與經濟體制等許多方面有重大分歧,雙方時有齟齬,但總體是合作共贏的局面。但近年來,隨著中美之間的國力此消彼長,西方國家開始把中國當作頭號敵人,加大打擊力度,中美貿易戰就是轉折點。

中美之間的實力懸殊,中國基本上只能採取守勢,但對西方其他國家則隨時有能力還以顏色,既可安撫國內的民族情緒,亦可殺雞儆猴,讓這些國家認清形勢,切勿反華過甚。特朗普以「美國優先」為國策,難望其為盟國挺身而出,中國可藉此向西方世界宣示,為美國敲邊鼓等同火中取栗,實屬下策。

至於中國要教訓的對象,則以其反華程度以及中方反擊所得效益多寡為標準,而澳洲正符合這兩個條件。加拿大因為孟晚舟事件,在北京眼裡也是個需要懲戒的對象。但在貿易層面上,打擊澳洲比打擊加拿大更能奏效,所以暫時對加拿大按兵不動。可見中國並非四處樹敵。合縱連橫,古已有之;統一戰線、各個擊破更是中國共產黨的拿手好戲。近日簽署的《中歐全面投資協定》,亦顯示北京面對美國窮追猛打之下,仍能巧妙利用美歐矛盾,突圍而出。

美國重返亞太

美國外交的傳統重點是歐洲。蘇聯垮台以後,頭號敵人不復存在,利用歐洲的北約盟友足以牽制俄羅斯。鑑於中國近年崛起,美國從奧巴馬時代起已將戰略重心轉移到太平洋,相應地需要在印度洋、太平洋地區物色盟友。除了極少數東南亞小國,如緬甸、老撾、柬埔寨之外,其他亞太國家或對中國不滿、或抱敵意,都與美國的立場接近,美國必然軟硬兼施,加以拉攏。

印度是中國的傳統敵人,越南與中國有很多歷史恩怨,是東南亞陣營中反華的中堅力量,不過兩國的國力有限,無法與中國直接對抗。加上意識形態與西方不同,無法打人權和民主牌。日本與南韓則因為忌憚北韓,而需與中國維持較好的關係。

餘下的澳洲本就屬於西方陣營,國土遼闊,實力也較強,估計在美國慫恿之下,近一兩年來反華尤顯積極。

貿易戰場

澳洲對中國的貿易依存度高,並且大量出口到中國。兩國的經濟互補性強,澳洲主要出產的原材料如鐵礦石、煤炭等,正好是中國高速發展所需。此外,彼此地理位置相對較近,鐵礦石的另一大出口國巴西,就距離中國很遠。近年來,中國佔澳洲出口總量的三分之一,包括94%的木材和龍蝦、76%的羊毛,以及71%的棉花。相比之下,澳洲佔中國出口份額只有3%。

一旦確定打擊目標,中國下一步需要決定打擊澳洲的哪一類出口貨品;貿易戰從來都是既損人又損己,所以要尋找損人大而損己小的產品。根據澳洲統計局數據,2017至2019年間,澳洲輸華的物資,依價值計算從大到小依次為鐵礦石、煤、金、羊毛、牛肉、銅、鋁、鋅、藥品、羊肉、葡萄酒、棉花、原油及天然氣、龍蝦、原木和大麥。礦石對國民經濟影響較大,所以中國先從消費品入手:葡萄酒、龍蝦、大麥、牛肉,棉花等。欲加之罪,何患無辭,例如原木有蟲害、肉類加工廠出現2019冠狀病毒病確診個案等,甚至指稱對方傾銷、補貼。半年下來,澳洲似乎還能撐得住,沒有讓步,所以最近中國開始打擊更重要的貨品,即煤炭。澳洲煤炭在中國總消費量中佔比很小,而且國內煤炭進口不乏其他來源。

互鬥轉機何在?

中國一直不動澳洲輸華的最大項,即鐵礦石,因為這個對本國的打擊太大。那麼,澳洲會不會以限制鐵礦石出口來反擊中國?澳洲政府已表明不會,因為對該國的打擊也太大。再者,以貿易戰為理由限制私人企業出口盈利,名不正言不順,不像美國以國家安全做幌子,限制私人企業向中國出口,至少有法律依據。

美國和其他盟國又會否搭救澳洲?雖然五眼聯盟2020年年底公開支持澳洲與中國的貿易對抗,但只是徒託空言,許多西方國家其實乘機與中國做生意,比如法國就多賣葡萄酒給中國,加拿大則憧憬向中國出口煉焦煤。

媒體曾經報導,中國列出澳洲的「不當」行為有14項之多【註】,包括在香港、新疆、南海等問題上指責中國,以至阻止中國在澳洲基礎建設及農業的投資等。其實有關立場與其他西方國家並無二致;2018年,澳洲率先禁止華為參與5G招標,比美國還早,但這並不妨礙中澳之間的貿易持續、快速增長。2020年,中國從澳洲進口的鐵礦石、天然氣、煤炭三大項,全都創歷史新高。

回溯兩國關係趨於緊張,導火線始於2020年4月,澳洲一口咬定中國應為新冠疫情負責,這是在特朗普之外唯一擺明與中國為敵的國家。11月,中國外交部稱澳方「屢屢在涉及中國核心利益和重大關切的問題上採取錯誤言行,主動挑起挑釁性、對抗性行動。」12月,外長王毅說:「中國到底是澳方的威脅還是夥伴?如果澳方把中國視為威脅,中澳關係如何得以改善?」澳方的反應是:「在核心價值觀上我們絕不讓步。」上升到「價值」層面固然冠冕堂皇,但卻無助於解決問題。以澳洲國內政治而言,執政黨也難以像台灣的蔡英文那樣,以反華作為其國策而得保權位。

世事如棋局局新,箇中只有永遠的利益,沒有永遠的敵人;國際經濟、政治局勢波詭雲譎,各國關係發展總是變幻莫測。美國候任總統拜登即將入主白宮,讀者不妨靜觀其變,澳洲又會否審時度勢,對其「反中」策略加以調整。

 

註:〈中列澳大利亞「14罪狀」澳總理拒絕屈服〉,《德國之聲》,2020年11月19日

 

周文 港大經管學院副教授
(本文同時於二零二一年一月六日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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