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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

Trump’s Trade Protection Policy: Making of Public Opinion

2 May 2018
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特朗普貿易保護政策的民眾基礎

近期,美國總統特朗普針對中國的關稅政策,令人產生對於中美貿易戰的憂慮。熟悉西方的政客和學者批評特朗普不按常理出牌之舉毫不理性,因為從經濟學角度來看,全球化形勢下的自由貿易往往意味着雙贏與社會總產出的增加,反其道而行則可能導致經濟衰退。

有人基於特朗普幾十年前關於中美貿易和日美貿易的言論,把他如今的關稅政策歸結於其自身的偏執。據《紐約時報》報道,部分中國領導層也對特朗普的真實意圖感到迷茫,並且試圖聯繫他們在美國的盟友以解縈繞心頭的困惑——特朗普是否真的要跟中國打一場貿易戰。

從1985年至今,中美雙邊貿易額從最初的77億美元一路狂飆,至今達6360億美元,增長八十倍有餘。期間發生的全球化寫下人類歷史上前所未有的持續經濟增長。身處在全球化中受益最多的國家和地區之一,我們對以下的教條有些習以為常:一個全球化和自由貿易的世界更有利於保障我們物質上的發展與繁榮。

患抨擊中國綜合症

但是在全球化潮流中,有得益者就有失意者。圍繞中美經濟關係的經濟學研究已經揭示,全球化給美國帶來收益的同時,也對其社會造成負面影響。Autor、Dorn和Hanson(2013)利用工具變量的方法,檢測1990至2007年間中國出口產品對美國勞動市場的影響,結果顯示來自中國出口的競爭,是同期美國製造業就業率降低的重要原因,而勞動參與率和工資水平亦同時下降。McManus和Schaur(2016)則發現,受中國出口競爭的影響,美國製造業工傷比率增高,小微企業所受影響尤其明顯。

此外,Autor、Dorn和Hanson(2018)的研究指出,在受中國出口影響較大地區,年輕人結婚率下降,單親媽媽的比率則上升;Pierce和Schott(2016)利用美國2000年授予中國永久正常貿易夥伴這一準自然實驗發現,貿易衝擊導致美國非正常死亡(如自殺)的比率上升,受影響者又以低教育水平的白人居多。

基於「以美國人為受害者」的視角,美國政界興起「抨擊中國」的風氣。《經濟學人》在2012年就撰文探討美國政客患有「抨擊中國綜合症」,指任何有意成為美國主要政黨黨魁的政客,都必須對中國態度強硬。例如,前總統克林頓曾指摘前總統老布殊「姑息獨裁者」;老布殊的兒子小布殊在克林頓當選總統後,又以類似指摘回敬克林頓;奧巴馬在競選總統期間,稱時任總統小布殊與中國打交道的表現一如「懦夫」;2012年,羅姆尼(前麻薩諸塞州州長)在競選期間又指奧巴馬總統「向北京乞討」。2015年,宣布隨後一年競選總統的共和黨參議員盧比奧在《華爾街日報》撰文,闡述自己的對華政策,亦一如所料,譴責在任總統奧巴馬在對華政策上跡近諂媚。

上述圖謀問鼎的美國政界中人,其抨擊中國之舉幾成慣例,而有關行動背後則有深厚的民眾基礎。筆者與清華大學的陸毅教授和復旦大學的邵翔教授最近合撰一篇研究論文,就中美貿易如何影響美國媒體的報道傾向、民間對華情緒,乃至對美國大選結果的影響,提供一個嶄新視角。

在這項研究中,我們蒐集了美國147家地方報紙從1998年到2012年的報道和發行數據,使用一個基於《紐約時報》和《華盛頓郵報》報道關鍵詞的語料庫和廣泛使用的哈佛IV-4詞庫,以及透過計算機科學的自然語言處理技術,來判斷這些報紙報道中國的內容是否負面。

在此基礎上,我們構建了一個衡量媒體報道傾向的指標:負面報道數量佔總報道數量的比例。雖然負面報道也可屬真實報道,但是媒體對報道內容的選擇性更能反映其報道傾向。

美媒對華存在偏見

我們尤感興趣的議題是,中國對美出口,是否足以影響美國地方報紙對中國的報道傾向。為解決經濟學研究中的內生性問題,我們在研究中兼採工具變量和雙重差分兩種識別策略,發現在受中國出口衝擊較大的發行地區,地方報紙傾向於報道關於中國的負面新聞。

具體來說,中國產品的進口競爭度每提升一個標準差,每份報紙對中國報道的負面傾向就會增加24.5至30.4%的標準差。我們就此所作的一系列穩健性檢驗,都印證我們上述所得結果。

為探究美國媒體對華偏見的來源,我們進一步把對華負面報道分為與貿易相關和不相關兩個子樣本,發現中國出口的衝擊對非貿易相關的報道影響更大。更重要的是,美國製造業就業率降低對由中國對美出口引起的媒體偏見尤具解釋力(62%)。這一發現與先前多項研究的發現一致:中國對美出口導致美國製造業工人失業,而失業工人的慘況又對該國媒體的報道傾向影響重大。

在上述研究的第二部分,我們進一步探討媒體傾向對美國各級選舉的影響,發現在受中國出口衝擊更大的發行地區,地方報紙更傾向於為民主黨背書,這與傳統上民主黨反自由貿易並支持經濟再分配的立場相符。

我們又發現2012年之前,美國媒體對中國的負面報道也導致民主黨得票率上升;這說明美國媒體對中國的負面報道,有助對自由貿易持反對立場的政黨增加得票。這對特朗普2016年當選美國總統這一黑天鵝事件也有所啟示:特朗普一反共和黨常態而採取保護主義,成功籠絡在全球化中「被遺忘的美國人」,把全球化受害者的不滿情緒轉化成其榮登總統寶座的票源。

我們通常習慣從經濟角度思考問題,但就像一枚硬幣必有兩面,近30餘年的全球化繪就經濟發展的壯麗畫卷,而暗藏卷後還有一眾全球化的失意者和加速惡化的經濟不平等。矛盾往往以非經濟的方式爆發——無論媒體的報道或者政治選舉的選票——繼而影響經濟體制,令人看清自由貿易的局限。

基於這些不完全是經濟因素的考量,我們或許能較易理解特朗普臨近中期選舉,為何會採取部分人眼中匪夷所思的關稅政策,以至為何自從英國脫歐和特朗普當選以來,我們很可能面臨着30多年來全球化的一個轉折點。

陶志剛 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院滙豐基金教授(環球經濟與企業策略)

​(本文同時於二零一八年五月二日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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