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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
The US Congress’ perspective on US-China competition

The US Congress’ perspective on US-China competition

10 Jan 2024
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美國國會看中美競爭

中美建交至今年元旦剛好45年,但當前的中美關係,大概是建交以來最惡劣的情況。就在一個月前,美國國會參議院一個特設委員會,推出一份如何讓美國贏得中美經濟競爭的報告,概括了共和民主兩黨議員對中美經濟關係的主要觀點,並列舉一系列美國應採取的政策建議來對付中國。

這裏所說的是美國眾議院中美戰略競爭特設委員會(U.S. House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party)。這個委員會剛好在一年前成立,由共和黨議員推動,包括就任議長不到十個月便被黨友罷免的麥卡錫(Kevin McCarthy)。

眾所周知,美國國內政治愈趨撕裂,兩黨在各項議題上的意見鴻溝均難以逾越,唯獨反中是各黨派政客的主要共識。因此,有關委員會也受到眾多民主黨議員支持,在議會內以365票對65票大比數通過成立。

侵略美國匪夷所思

特設委員會經過約一年的調查和聽證會後,在上月12日發表了題為〈重置、防止、建造:美國贏取和中國共產黨經濟競爭的策略〉的報告【註1】(以下簡稱報告),認為美國有需要重新評估及設定中美經濟關係以及有關的戰略問題,並列出130項具體的政策建議。這報告可說是美國國會對中國相對全面和詳細的表態,或會從中衍生出未來數年針對中國的新法案。篇幅所限,這裏只簡單討論報告中幾個較受關注的觀點。

先說美國國會對中國的看法。報告開宗名義指出,中國開展了一場長達數十年的經濟侵略,削弱了美國的經濟實力,並將美國經濟空洞化。報告的主體有50頁,其中「侵略」一詞出現了11次。2022年,美國的人均GDP為中國的6倍,即使以購買力平價的匯率計算,美國也是中國的3.6倍。除了偏見外,難以理解中國如何在經濟上侵略美國,特別是這已是數十年的運作(multidecade campaign)。相比前數世紀殖民主義對第三世界的剝削和蹂躪,說中國經濟侵略美國,確實是匪夷所思。

此外,報告又認為中國加入WTO後沒有遵守有關協議,亦認為中國經濟有相當大的國有比例,制度上與WTO並不相容,同時危害到美國的經濟安全。類似的論調常有出現,但似乎難以達到確實的結論。

若以WTO體制內的貿易糾紛來看,中美是全球兩個貿易額最大的國家,自然涉及較多個案。按WTO的數據,中國有49個被投訴個案需要申辯,而美國則有158個。當然,美國在WTO的年期較長,在1995年1月成立時已是會員,面對的個案自然較多,而中國則在2001年12月才加入。但中美兩國的個案數目差別那麼大,難以說明中國特別多違反WTO守則。再看歐盟作為一整體而言,被投訴的個案也有93個。

特朗普在2018年掀起了貿易戰,對中國產品徵收關稅,至2020年10月被WTO裁定為違反國際貿易規則,但美國依然故我,三年多以來有關的關稅絲毫未改。美國的說法是要就裁定上訴,但WTO的上訴機制曾被特朗普政府多次否定任用人選而癱瘓。

WTO早已在推動全球貿易自由化方面沒有建樹,在處理貿易糾紛方面曠日持久,對大型經濟體沒有明顯的約束力。或許要改變的是WTO本身,使之能適應當前全球的政經新環境,而非上世紀二次大戰後的國際格局和思維。

美國眾議院的報告也詬病中國廣泛利用產業政策來促進某些行業或企業的發展,如補貼、出入口限制等。然而,產業政策在全球比比皆是,如南韓在七十年代對重工業和化學工業的催谷。早期的產業政策,比較多是發展中國家用於保護國內企業,抗拒來自進口產品的競爭,但發達國家也日漸採納更多產業政策,如美國和歐盟多年來爭奪民用航機市場,分別或明或暗地補貼波音和空中巴士。最近幾年,在高科技產品或芯片市場上,情況尤為明顯,如拜登政府一年多前推出的《降低通脹法案》(Inflation Reduction Act),其中一項就是補貼電動車的消費者,但補貼只適用於在北美洲組裝的電動車,及車內電池的礦物材料須來自美國或和美國有自由貿易協議的國家,這明顯是針對來自其他地區特別是中國的電動車。

撤最惠國損人害己

無論正確與否,上述是美國眾議員對中國在全球經濟的主要觀點。基於這些認知,他們在報告中提出一系列政策來應對,主要包括收緊對中國企業的投資、加強出口管控以減少新科技流向中國、加強美國的科研安全及防止人才流失、以稅務優惠鼓勵投資於創新行業、加強和美國盟友的經濟合作,及對抗中國的「一帶一路」等,這些都不難想像。比較直接和明確的,是在短期內對中國分階段徵收新的關稅,包括一些目前沒有被貿易戰覆蓋的中國產品。據聞最初的想法更為激烈,就是取消中國的「永久性正常貿易關係待遇」(Permanent Normal Trade Relations,簡稱PNTR)。

PNTR原稱「最惠國待遇」(Most Favoured Nation,簡稱MFN)。有此待遇的國家,可在貿易上得到和其他最惠國相同的待遇,中國和英國都是美國的MFN,美國給予英國的低關稅也同時適用於中國。中國加入WTO之前,要按年由美國國會審議通過,才得到該年的MFN待遇,美國亦藉此對中國作各方面的刁難。中國加入WTO半年前,也獲得美國的PNTR,毋須按年批審。若果失去這個待遇,中國出口至美國的平均關稅將會由19%大幅增加至61%。

然而,大幅提高關稅是損人而不利己的。數年前特朗普啟動貿易戰時,曾大言不慚地說「貿易戰是好的,並容易取勝」(Trade wars are good, and easy to win),但隨着中國的反制及貿易戰升級,雙方都有很大的損失。上述的特設委員會在去年開始運作後,大概已有傳聞美國可能取消中國的PNTR,同時一些共和黨總統參選人亦有提及。

美中貿易全國委員會(US-China Business Council)遂委託了牛津經濟研究院(Oxford Economics)研究有關政策對美國經濟的影響。據後者的估計【註2】,在假設中國不報復的情況下,美國的GDP會在隨後5年內減少1.6萬億美元,而工作崗位會減少74萬個。高關稅減少了美國消費者的購買力和增加企業的生產成本,因而降低經濟活動。若中國作出反制,將從美國入口商品的平均關稅由目前的21%提高至中國加入WTO前的38%,那美國GDP會減少1.9萬億美元及損失80萬個工作崗位。

今年是美國大選年,估計拜登政府不會採取對經濟不利的政策,在現有的貿易戰上加碼挑釁中國。但部分美國政客對中國的偏見和敵意仍會存在甚至加深,中美關係在可預見的將來須艱苦經營。

 

 

【註1】https://selectcommitteeontheccp.house.gov/sites/evosubsites/selectcommitteeontheccp.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/reset-prevent-build-sccreport.pdf

【註2】https://www.uschina.org/sites/default/files/the_economic_impact_of_china_pntr_repeal.pdf

 

陸炎輝博士
港大經管學院榮譽副教授

(本文同時於二零二四年一月十日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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