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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

The significance of the 2019 Hong Kong protests

18 Dec 2019
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2019香港抗爭的意義

感謝《信報》編輯部和香港大學同事的支持,讓筆者能夠在這個專欄中自由抒發己見,不知不覺年內已發表一共9篇文章。在2019年年底壓軸的這一篇,希望就之前各篇的內容,作一些補充。

兩岸統一的問題

在兩岸統一這個問題上,北京政府一直沿用的方法是:在不排除動武的同時,利用各種經濟誘因,加強與台灣的融合;另一方面則在國際層面盡量封殺,力求最後對方接受「一國兩制」的安排。但是這條路子在最近連串事件影響之下,顯然已經行不通了。

香港的林鄭政府先是強行推行不得人心的《逃犯條例》修訂,進而縱容大規模警暴,從種種跡象顯示,執法部門的高層可能已不再聽命於特區政府,而是遵從國內的相關部門的指示。加上最近律政司司長鄭若驊在倫敦遇襲受傷後,受到特殊照顧,專程送到首都北京接受治療一事,都暴露了「一國兩制」對香港自治的保證是多麼脆弱無能。正是趙孟之所貴, 趙孟能賤之。台灣人看在眼裏,還會接受如此安排嗎?

中國曾經實施過兩次「一國兩制」,第一次在西藏,第二次在香港和澳門。西藏那次實行不到十年,即告壽終正寢,香港的「一國兩制」則已奄奄一息。觀乎這兩次失敗,關鍵原因在於北京政府只承諾給予當地原有生活方式的保證,卻沒有在中國內地進行相應改革,以拉近彼此在制度上的距離;矛盾未能消弭,自然成為後患。

當前台灣人民享有高度人權和法治,要他們接受「一國兩制」,內地必須在這些方面推行改革,大幅提升有關水平。及至改革成果鞏固後,沒有壓制台灣人權法制的動機,台灣人不再擔心,兩岸統一也就水到渠成。既然民族統一是崇高偉大的使命,在內地進行人權改革就更見意義重大了,在促進內地人民福祉之餘,還會對中華民族的統一大業發揮關鍵作用。

如何理解示威者的暴力行為

筆者在本欄多次警告示威者應見好就收,更要採取和平的方法,這裏卻必須指出,既然許多示威者的暴力行為是極端情緒化的結果,我們思考這個問題時,亦須避免自己同樣受到情緒化的干擾。

正如社會上總會有特別具創意、特別聰明的人一樣,社會上總會有特別有正義感、特別衝動、特別嫉惡如仇,甚至不惜訴諸暴力的一群;這種多元化正是一個群體能夠生存下去的重要條件。假如這類人佔人口中的百分之一,那麼在香港的數目就有七萬多人;由於反修例和反警暴的示威運動持久和廣泛,「適齡人口」中有一兩萬這類人就不足為奇了。你的孩子John和Susan是否其中一分子,對你固然是切身問題,但與時局整體可說拉不上關係。筆者認為與其問John和Susan為何成為前線抗爭者,倒不如正視為何在2018年沒有出現這類暴力事件,但在2019年卻出現?現在應如何收拾殘局?

在這個問題上,不妨學習宏觀經濟學家的研究態度。他們研究失業率上升的時候,不會問Peter和Nancy為什麼會失業,是否懶惰抑或能力不足,這些問題對我們處理失業率上升幫助不大──社會上總會有人倒楣,競爭能力比較弱,也總會有行業在經濟不景時受到較大打擊。相反,這些經濟學家會問,是什麼因素導致失業率上升?這些因素是否長期存在?有什麼政策可以降低失業率?我們必須撇開情緒的影響,用這種態度去看待香港的示威活動,方有望解決問題,脫離困局。

香港這半年來的抗爭運動堪稱非比尋常的歷史事件,將會影響中國以後幾十年的發展。

香港抗爭運動影響深遠

它目前最大的「成果」,在於對台灣人民提出了最嚴正的警告:在中國人權狀況沒有顯著提高的大前提下,接受「一國兩制」是非常危險的決定。最近的向心事件暴露了中共如何處心積慮在台灣進行滲透工作,這進一步警惕台灣人民:危險已經來到身邊!台灣總統大選將至,最終民進黨大勝、國民黨大敗的結果可說已無懸念,接下來國民黨淪為無足輕重的小黨派,大概亦屬意料中事。不管台灣人是否承認自己是中國人,台灣是現今保存中國傳統文化最好的社會,同時成功建立了民主制度,對人權法治言論自由都有很好的保障,這說明了中國傳統文化和西方自由民主可以並行不悖。台灣將選擇繼續維持現狀下去,亦有能力生存下去,這對香港和內地人民而言將會是指路明燈。

隨着內地經濟發展,中國人民對自由和人權的渴求,只會有增無已。所謂衣食足而後知榮辱,他們會漸漸了解到做有尊嚴的自由人的價值,這也正是香港這場運動最核心的意義。相當弔詭的是,香港年輕抗爭者儘管不是港獨分子,確實對內地的感情相當疏遠,這場運動亦沒有期盼國內人民的響應,但是它的持續進行,卻又的確會對國內人民帶來鼓舞,估計對兩廣粵語地區的民眾影響力尤大,最近在廣東茂名出現的民眾抗爭,就有人用上了「光復茂名,時代革命」的口號。香港運動持續地對大陸的影響正是中共最忌憚的地方,這是中共建政以來前所未有的挑戰。

北京政府在國際的領域因為沒有化解香港問題而處處碰壁,尷尬非常,卻相當成功地在內地製造輿論,把香港的抗爭運動渲染成為受外國勢力支配的少數港獨分子的打砸搶行為,這有利於他們收緊對香港的統治,甚至「義正辭嚴」地進行。

香港人應如何自處

在中港台三地之中,香港的情況最為危險,非建制派雖然在區議會中大勝,但這並未有令統治當局尋求政治解決的方法,在未來的日子,不僅警暴仍然繼續下去,北京會加速收緊對香港的控制,所有人都會受到影響,大家要有心理準備。大家亦要想清楚,若仍然選擇抗爭的話,必須用更靈巧的方法,也要有長期奮鬥之心,要有「成功不必在我,功力必不唐捐」的信念。

這半年來每一個香港人都受到極大的傷害,筆者認為特區政府與其要求警察加班,發放額外薪金,倒不如多聘用心理學家和輔導員,為香港市民服務更為有效。

如果大家覺得情緒困擾,不知所措,不妨參考以下的兩個小建議。第一,從痛苦和絕望中尋找意義,外在生存環境由不得我們選擇(至少在目前形勢下而言),但若能夠處理好自身情緒,讓家人朋友釋懷,這對他們來說是無價之寶,你也會發現自己並非無所作為。

第二是寬恕。家人或者朋友的看法也許和你截然相反,與其憎恨他們,倒不如歸咎於他們的思想,理解他們也是受害者,我們仍須堅信大多數人都是善良的。不要對持不同意見者散播仇恨,應停止對所謂藍店的攻擊,停止對「私了」的褒揚;縱使不能做到愛敵如己,至少也不應傷害他們,仇恨是傳播性很強的病菌。

趙耀華 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院副教授

(本文同時於二零一九年十二月十八日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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