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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
The regulation of electricity market in Hong Kong

The regulation of electricity market in Hong Kong

1 Jan 2020
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香港電力市場的監管機制

踏入2020年元旦,市民即面對電費加價:中華電力有限公司加幅2.5%,香港電燈有限公司則加5.2%。去年年底兩家電力公司宣布新收費,立刻引起一片口誅筆伐。手機、汽車、豬肉、大米也會加價,但消費者常常淡然處之;即使房價貴得離譜,只升不跌,也沒有像電費這樣招來眾口一詞對賣方的批評。究其原因,是因為電力是一個受嚴格管制的行業,一分一毫的價格變動都要得到政府批准,不像其他大部分行業,價格主要受供給、需求、競爭的影響而自由浮動。即使是房屋,特區政府的干預也不過是間接通過徵收特別印花稅來調節,而不是直接設定交易價格。討論電費漲價合理與否,首先要理解為什麼電力行業需要管制,以及怎樣管制才屬有效。

電力的運作涵蓋發電、輸電、配電3個基本環節,電力公司須把電線鋪設到每一個區內的每一座大廈。如果一個地區由相互競爭的幾家公司同時服務,各自鋪設一套電網,顯然是一種浪費;所以一個地區的電力服務通常都由一家合法的壟斷企業包辦,經濟學稱之為「自然壟斷」(natural monopoly)。類似的行業還有食水、污水處理、天然氣、長途電話、公共交通,以及固定和移動的互聯網網絡等,它們與電力行業合稱「公用事業」(public utilities)。香港的電力公司只得兩家,港燈服務香港島、鴨脷洲及南丫島,而中電則服務九龍、新界及部分離島,兩者都是集發電、輸電、售電於一身的「垂直一體化」(vertically integrated)企業。2018年,香港的電力用戶總數約為310萬,其中約20%由港燈供電,80%由中電服務。

價格管制的基本模式

電力公司缺乏市場力量的約束,所以電費和服務質素都必須由政府來管制,以保障消費者權益,但電力公司也應享有合理的利潤,否則哪有私營企業願意虧本經營?釐定價格的傳統做法是回報率管制(rate-of-return regulation),即先由政府與電力公司就回報率達成協議,再把企業的固定資產平均淨值乘以這個回報率,就是電力公司獲准賺取的利潤,最後計算符合利潤的收費。在2018年10月(中電)和2019年1月(港燈)開始實行的新《管制計劃協議》,為期約15年,把准許回報率從舊協議的9.99%下調至8%【註】,可說是一個進步。

回報率管制的一大缺點是電力公司傾向於過度投資。作為私營企業,賺取最大利潤顯然是其終極目標。准許回報率一目了然,普通居民和立法會議員都可評價其合理與否,電力公司與政府討價還價的餘地相對有限。不過,公司利潤按回報率乘以固定資產計算,只要增加固定資產,總利潤仍然可以維持不變甚至繼續增長。從世界其他國家的經驗及眾多學術研究結果可見,所有受規管的電力市場,或多或少都有過度投資的問題。現時本地兩家電力公司的備用發電量為20%到30%,也足以顯示投資過度。回報率管制的另一個缺點是,削弱電力公司降低成本和改良技術的動力。在現有回報機制下,兩者惠及消費者但並不增加電力公司的利潤,所以公司管理層常常漠視公益,而集中精力與政府討價還價,但求把增加投資合理化。

平衡廉價與環保

為消除此等管制價格的弊端,有些行業採取「價格上限管制」(price-cap regulation)方式,即由政府規定企業的定價水平,只要實際價格不超過既定標準,企業可充分享受成本節約及技術進步所帶來的好處,不受限制,例如西區海底隧道就是採用這種方式管制收費。至於長途電話行業,美國各州在上世紀80年代幾乎全部採用回報率管制,但到2000年代初,則差不多已全部轉為價格上限管制。在電力行業,美國的州份一般採用回報率管制,而歐洲及亞洲國家則傾向於價格上限管制。

不過,價格上限管制也有其致命缺點:企業為求節省成本,往往會降低服務質素。電力行業服務尤其講究安全(即不可漏電而傷及人身)和穩定(即盡量減少停電)。電力與其他大部分的服務與消費不同,一分一秒都不可打斷。個別日用品如雞蛋或豬肉,以至消費品如手機或汽車,即使供應暫時中斷,都不是什麼大不了的事情,可是家裏的照明、高樓大廈的電梯、股票市場交易、公司電腦系統、工廠的生產運作,以至每天運載500萬人次的香港電動運輸系統,哪怕中斷分秒,也後果堪虞。香港的供電可靠性高達99.9997%,每年平均意外停電時間少於3分鐘。

這一水平是世界之冠,與新加坡相若,而遠高於悉尼、紐約、倫敦。這樣高的可靠性與龐大的備用發電量及規管模式(回報率管制而非價格上限管制)是分不開的。從這個角度看,新的管制協議繼續採用回報率管制不失為一個合理、穩妥的辦法。

這次電費上漲的主要理據之一,是兩家電力公司需要採用更昂貴的天然氣作為發電燃料,為此需要額外投資,以建設新燃氣機組和海上液化天然氣接收站等。特區政府的能源政策,除了向用戶提供廉價、穩定的電力,還須致力推動環保,減少發電對環境的影響。為應對全球氣候變化,政府計劃本年內把碳強度從2005年的水平減低50%至60%。由於本港的碳排放有三分之二源於發電,減少碳排放首先應從改變發電燃料組合方面入手。今時今日,煤仍然是香港最主要的發電燃料,所佔比重高達一半,天然氣和非化石燃料(包括輸入的核電)各佔四分之一。新的《管制計劃協議》要求本年內燃氣發電升至整體燃料組合的50%,而目前從大亞灣核電站輸入的核電佔比維持在25%。這一環保要求,也是特區政府繼續採用回報率管制的另一原因,因為價格上限管制主要為求減低成本,而環保考量卻會增加成本。

總括而言,電力行業由於自身特點,只能由公司以合法壟斷方式經營。為符合平穩供電及環保要求,香港現階段應繼續採用管制回報率的機制。要減輕市民的電費負擔,看來只能通過電力市場的競爭與開放。這一題目,留待下一篇文章分析。

 

【註】:《經濟發展事務委員會與兩間電力公司進行的周年電費檢討最新背景資料簡介》附錄I,2017年12月12日。

 

周文 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院副教授

(本文同時於二零二零年一月一日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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