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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
The opening and competition of the Hong Kong electricity market

The opening and competition of the Hong Kong electricity market

8 Jan 2020
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香港電力市場的開放與競爭

新年伊始,兩家電力公司提高電費,引起公眾普遍關注。電力市場為什麼需要管制,以及價格管制的兩種基本模式有何利弊,筆者上周已在本欄論述。電力供應的穩定與安全至關重要,特區政府的能源政策又須兼顧環保,在未來幾年將大幅提升發電燃料中天然氣的比例,在此大前提之下,新的《管制計劃協議》繼續採用回報率機制,亦在情理之中。

不論規管模式如何,對許多升斗小民來說,電費昂貴是不爭的事實。有報道指由於政府的電費補貼悉數落入業主袋中,劏房租戶未能受惠,為省電費而改用石油氣爐,只能每周煲湯一次;夏天會在孩子睡覺前才開冷氣,凌晨再起床關掉。有人於是建議政府把有關資助直接交到用戶手中。可惜這個建議不會幫到劏房戶,原因很簡單:即使租戶得到政府電費資助500元,業主大可等額加租,同樣可以中飽私囊。所謂「按下葫蘆浮起瓢」,只要劏房戶和業主的供需關係沒有改變,不管怎樣對租戶直接資助,最終都只會讓業主得益。

撙節電費與監管投資

此外,鼓勵用戶節約用電的措施也不可或缺。如果能夠有效節約,不僅可以減低電費,還可減少碳排放,可謂一箭雙鵰。若要改變消費行為,單靠教育難以奏效,更要通過經濟手段,例如不同時段收費不同,有助調節消費。有別於食水和天然氣,電力無法儲存,不即時消費的話,就只會浪費掉。

雖然電力供應全日相對平穩,但電力需求卻會在不同時段大幅波動。單以住宅用戶為例,半夜的用電量比傍晚要低得多,冬春秋三季的用電量又遠比夏天為低。外國曾經嘗試過高峰負荷定價(peak-load pricing),即在用電低谷時以較低電費鼓勵消費,在用電高峰時則收取較高電費,以鼓勵節能。根據媒體報道,北歐國家推行彈性收費,許多用戶在夜間廉價時段加熱電暖設備,以便白天不靠供電也能保持室內溫暖。紐約帝國大廈在夏天夜裏用電造冰,在白天電力昂貴時就用冰降溫,以減少冷氣用電,一個夏季可節省電費幾十萬美元。

在香港,中電正在試驗使用智能電錶及通訊系統,透過電費回贈或非繁忙時間用電折扣的方式鼓勵節能,涉及3000個住宅用戶及約1400家中小企業,希望可把成功經驗向更多用戶推廣,以減低高峰電力需求。但是這些調節需求的措施,難以在短期內直接減低電費,只能通過推延發電機組的投資,才有望在一段長時間後達致較合理的電費水平。短期而言,則仍須着眼於提高管制效率。

針對回報率管制下電力公司過度投資的問題,政府監管部門也有一些體制化的應對措施。例如規定電力公司提交投資建議給政府,由有關當局在獨立能源顧問的協助下,進行檢視和批核。在上一輪發展計劃期間,兩電提交的部分投資項目就曾被政府否決,導致它們的備用電量於2018年前後下跌至20%至30%。另外,根據現行《管制計劃協議》,電力公司的新增發電設施,如啟用時容量過剩,過剩部分的50%資產淨值,將不列入計算回報的固定資產平均淨值。這些措施在一定程度上減低了過度投資的風險。

釋放市場力量

不過,政府管制始終不及市場力量來得有效,即使我們相信香港公務員廉潔、高效,富於專業精神,從理論上講,在與被管制企業的博弈中,監管機構所獲的專業資訊往往比不上對手,行動誘因也較低。舉例來說,即使政府成功迫使企業降低利潤一億元以惠及用戶,相關官員最多贏得幾句表揚,有時甚至還會有議員指摘他們本來可以做得更好。

相反,受管制企業的管理層,多爭取到一億元的利潤,就一定會獲得豐厚的獎賞。在經濟學上有「監管俘虜」(regulatory capture)的說法,意指本來監管機構的任務是保護競爭和消費者,但久而久之,反而變得處處保障受管制行業和業內僱員,因同情有關企業而難以作出正確判斷和有效監管。反觀上世紀七十至八十年代,美國掀起一片管制浪潮,促使許多受管制行業大幅降價和展開技術革新,令消費者大受裨益,從一個側面反映出傳統規管模式的不足。

引入市場競爭,可作為最後一個值得認真考慮的辦法。電力市場之所以需要管制,是因為輸電網絡具有自然壟斷的特點。但是,供電鏈中的發電環節完全可以容許競爭。

上世紀八十年代以來,許多國家都有電力市場重組(restructuring)的成功經驗,在電網對所有電力供應商開放、一視同仁的前提下,引入複雜的批發、零售、競價等機制進行市場交易,可以增強競爭、提高效率。在香港,利潤管制協議並不賦予兩電專營權,也沒有指定各自的供電範圍;有意投資者只須符合供電可靠性、安全和環保的規定,就可進入電力市場。事實上,土地供應有限才是一大障礙,而且基於電力行業須作出巨額投資,加上本地電力市場規模較小,在兩家電力公司長期盤據的情況下,公眾難以指望有新的獨立投資者大舉進軍電力行業。

輸入內地電力

那麼,鼓勵兩家電力公司相互競爭可行嗎?目前港燈和中電之間已鋪設海底電纜,以備一方出現故障時,可由另一方提供緊急的後備電力支援。如欲鼓勵兩電之間充分競爭,則有必要擴大現有的聯網系統容量,以便任何一方恒常大量輸送電力。即使如此,筆者估計兩電之間也不會出現彼此競爭,而極有可能達到默契串通(tacit collusion)。本地電力市場僅有這兩家供應商,如一方欲通過壓價以擴大巿場份額,對方會有足夠機會報復,最終必然是兩敗俱傷、得不償失,兩電應該不會出此下策。政府也有措施鼓勵分散式發電(distributed power generation),但這種發電比例微乎其微,不可能對電力市場有實質性影響。

歸根究柢,唯一有實質意義的選項,就是從內地輸入電力。在2015年環境局發布的《電力市場未來發展公眾諮詢》文件中,特區政府建議從內地輸入約50%的電力,當中約30%從內地電網購買,而現時從內地輸入核電的比率則維持在20%。在諮詢過程中,絕大部分人反對從內地輸入電力,理由主要在供電可靠性、價格備受操控,以及內地由此產生的污染問題或會影響香港的空氣質素。其實這些理據都相當薄弱,不難辯駁,但政府卻在諮詢文件中表明「未具備所需條件於2018年為電力市場引入具相當規模的競爭」,未免可惜。事實上,只要連接中國南方電網,即使不從中買電,已足以令港燈和中電在取利上知所收斂。在談判中若任何一方有替代方案(outside option),即使備而不用,也會大大提升討價還價的能力。目前的結果,在未來15年完全不考慮從內地輸電,得益的是兩家電力公司,受損的是廣大用戶。

 

周文 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院副教授

(本文同時於二零二零年一月八日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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