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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
The Cost of Surging Computing Power: The Boom and Hidden Risks of AI Data Centers

The Cost of Surging Computing Power: The Boom and Hidden Risks of AI Data Centers

1 Jul 2026
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算力狂飆下的代價:數據中心的繁榮與隱憂

近年人工智能(AI)浪潮席捲全球,生成式AI的普及令算力需求急劇膨脹。在光鮮亮麗的模型與產品背後,支撐這場科技革命的基礎設施,就是遍布各地的數據中心。這些看來平平無奇的廠房,實則已成為數字經濟的關鍵支柱,亦是大國博弈的戰略籌碼。

另一方面,數據中心對能源與資源的巨大消耗,對環境和社會造成極為深遠的壓力。在全球爭相押注AI基礎設施之際,其負面效應與發展瓶頸亦逐步浮現,值得詳細分析。

數字時代的命脈

數據中心的核心功能,是為整個社會提供數據存儲與計算服務。無論是雲端辦公、網上購物、視頻串流,還是時下炙手可熱的生成式AI,皆依賴數據中心的算力支撐。顯而易見,沒有數據中心,數字經濟便寸步難行。

正因如此,全球資本正以前所未有的規模湧入這一領域。科技巨頭的投資手筆動輒以千億美元計:2025年1月,OpenAI成立「星際之門」(Stargate)項目,計劃在四年內投資5000億美元,與包括甲骨文、微軟、英偉達和軟銀在內的合作夥伴大規模興建AI基礎設施【註1】。與此同時,中國亦規劃在未來五年投入約2萬億元人民幣,建設全國互聯的數據中心網络【註2】。無論是來自私人企業還是公共部門,這場「算力軍備競賽」的規模都非同小可。

對中美兩國而言,數據中心與算力的重要性已上升至國家戰略層面。算力被視為與電力、石油同等重要的戰略資源,直接關乎AI時代的競爭主導權。中國近年大力推進「東數西算」工程,美國則傾力扶持本土AI基建,數據中心儼然成為新一輪科技競賽的主戰場。

負面界外效應持續趨升

然而,數據中心的迅猛擴張,正製造出一系列不容忽視的負面效應,首當其衝的便是能源。國際能源署的數據顯示,2022年全球數據中心的耗電量約為460太瓦時(TWh),到2026年或將突破1000太瓦時,幾乎相當於日本的全國用電量【註3】。在愛爾蘭數據中心密集的地區,其耗電量甚至佔全國總用電的3成以上。如此龐大的電力需求,在一定程度上擠佔了住戶用電,推高電價,令市民大眾為數據中心的擴張買單。

水資源同樣承受重壓,數據中心的伺服器運轉時產生大量熱量,需要持續冷卻。傳統的蒸發式冷卻系統,每排走1兆瓦熱量,每小時便要消耗約1500至2500加侖水【註4】。

此外,數據中心的空氣處理機組、伺服器機房和散熱風扇產生的噪音高達90分貝 ,足以損害聽力【註5】。中心內伺服器與冷卻設備又會形成「熱島效應」,增加四周的地表溫度【註6】。

空氣污染帶來的健康風險,尤其令人關注。馬斯克旗下xAI在田納西州孟菲斯市的數據中心,為解決供電不足引進了35台燃氣輪機,估計每年排放1200至2000噸氮氧化物,這類致霾物質對當地的空氣質量和居民健康產生嚴重影響【註7】。

企業額外成本壓頂

這些負面界外效應,最終都會轉化為企業的運營成本與風險。當數據中心的擴張觸及社區的切身利益,來自社區的摩擦會形成重大的隱性支出。在美國多地,居民因噪音與污染對數據中心提出集體訴訟,社區的抵制與抗議已延緩了若干項目的選址與建設。2026年6月,德克薩斯州州長阿博特(Greg Abbott)呼籲對快速擴張的數據中心行業,施加更嚴格的限制和管控,取消部分稅收優惠【註8】。

事實上,數據中心自身的發展亦面臨多重約束。一、算力供給瓶頸。高端圖像處理器(GPU)是AI訓練的核心,但其產能受限於少數廠商,供不應求的局面短期內難以扭轉。二、供電瓶頸。AI數據中心的用電密度遠超傳統機房,現有電網的容量與輸配能力顯然不足,以致不少項目「有機無電」。三、散熱瓶頸。算力愈強,發熱愈多,過高溫度會觸發芯片降頻、限制性能。業界正加速從傳統風冷技術轉向液冷(liquid cooling)乃至浸沒式冷卻等新一代散熱方案,對數據中心基礎設施的要求更高。

運營戰略須因時制宜

對於自建算力、研發大模型的AI創新公司(如OpenAI、谷歌、字節跳動)而言,數據中心本身就是核心資產與護城河,直接面臨合法性與成本的雙重壓力。這類企業應將綠色算力提升至公司管治的最高層級。一方面,主動鎖定核能等穩定而清潔的長期電源,尋求與可再生能源生產商簽訂長期購電協議,以對沖未來的電價波動與碳監管風險。另一方面,在算力優化與前沿散熱等技術上加大研發投入,守護技術優勢。更重要的是,公司須主動經營與當地社區及監管者的關係,以透明的環境資訊披露和切實的補償機制換取合法性。

AI創新企業目前的探索之旅,已拓展至深海與太空。上海臨港的海底數據中心項目以近海風電供能、深層海水自然冷卻,兼顧節能與減排【註9】。美國SpaceX探索以星艦將數據中心設備送入軌道,利用太陽能發電,並以星鏈傳輸數據。中國亦已發射太空計算衛星,以測試在軌處理能力【註10】。這些探索固然處於起步階段,同時構成企業戰略布局中不可忽視的參照基準。

至於基於現成模型之上、聚焦垂直場景的AI應用公司而言,算力是成本而非資產。這類企業的戰略重心,應從擁有算力轉為高效地使用算力。首先,在模型選擇與工程設計上追求效率,透過合規的模型蒸餾、量化與精準調用,避免為冗餘的算力買單。其次,在採購環節將算力供應商的綠電比例、電力使用效率等指標納入考量,倒逼數據中心進行減排。最後,密切關注算力供給的瓶頸與地緣政治風險,透過多雲(multi-cloud)服務分散對單一供應商的依賴。

數據中心是數字文明的基石,其重要性毋庸置疑。然而,算力高速躍升絕非毫無代價。能源、水資源、噪音、空氣污染等負面界外效應,正不斷累積為數據中心的運營成本與社會的隱性負擔。唯有將環境與社區的成本納入考量,在提升算力之餘,積極探索各類綠色發展路徑,數據中心方能真正成為支撐數字未來而非透支未來的生力軍。

註1:https://openai.com/index/announcing-the-stargate-project/

註2:https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-06-09/china-prepares-295-billion-plan-to-fund-nationwide-ai-buildout?embedded-checkout=true

註3:https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/6b2fd954-2017-408e-bf08-952fdd62118a/Electricity2024-Analysisandforecastto2026.pdf

註4:https://www.ampacwatersystems.com/ai-data-centers-water-consumption-crisis-2026/

註5:https://www.environmentalhealthproject.org/post/the-dangers-of-data-centers

註6:https://edition.cnn.com/2026/03/30/climate/data-centers-are-having-an-underrported

註7:https://time.com/7308925/elon-musk-memphis-ai-data-center/

註8:https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/10/us/texas-abbott-data-centers-regulation.html

註9:https://www.news.cn/fortune/20260529/8de9d068e5fd46ef984fad9a1d9b9015/c.html

註10:https://www.news.cn/liangzi/20260603/5903c373ae314a32927258a971424f27/c.html

王筱晴女士
香港科技大學博士生

顏示硼教授
港大經管學院管理及商業策略助理教授

(本文同時於二零二六年七月一日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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