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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
Simple solutions to serious problems

Simple solutions to serious problems

15 Jan 2020
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嚴重的問題有簡單的答案 

元旦過了沒幾天,世界就發生了不少重大事件。澳洲山火進一步的惡化,中聯辦主任換人,台灣總統大選,美國定點擊殺伊朗頭號將領,然後伊朗境內追悼會中發生人踩人事件60人死亡,伊朗飛彈襲擊伊拉克境內兩個美軍基地,但是最撲朔迷離的,要數一架烏克蘭的波音737航機同一天在伊朗境內墜毀。

這宗空難是伊朗蓄意襲擊,純粹的機件故障,還是另有內情?筆者當時估計應該不是伊朗當局蓄意襲擊飛機的,因為這樣對他們一點好處都沒有,卻認為不能抹殺伊方有人錯誤發射導彈所致,也不能排除有個別病態分子的蓄意所行。伊朗方面隨後亦迅速證實了筆者的猜測。

嚴重問題有簡單的成因

我們的思考有一個誤區,以為嚴重的問題,其成因必然複雜,根深柢固,但事情可能十分簡單。

以色列歷史學者和暢銷書作家Yuval Noah Harari在他的《21世紀的21個教訓》(21 Lessons for the 21st Century)一書中,就提出了類似的觀點。他認為人類有喜愛聽故事的天性。對於一件重大的事件,我們理所當然地覺得會有一個與之相匹配的原因,就好像一部好看的電影,俊男必須配以美女一樣。

空難的成因可能是伊朗軍方一個錯誤或者愚蠢的決定,這個原因如此低級,與空難所造成的傷亡程度,有強烈的反差,因此我們在天性上難以接受。

從前婦女分娩是一項危險的事情,1847年一個在維也納工作的醫生伊格納茲.塞麥爾維斯(Ignaz Semmelweis)對此得出了一個簡單而重大的結論:婦女分娩死亡率高,原因在於醫護人員在接生前後沒有洗手的習慣。當時西方醫學不知道有細菌這東西,也不知道其可以經過血液傳染產婦引致敗血症。根據這個理論,他的醫院提倡消毒醫護人員的手和器械,婦女分娩死亡率因而從10%下降到1%。很可惜他的同行並沒有信服,他們都狐疑:這麼重大的事情,怎麼會因為如此簡單的成因?塞麥爾維斯醫生深受打擊,最後鬱鬱而終,成為科學和醫學發展的殉道者。

1986年美國太空穿梭機挑戰者號起飛73秒解體,機上7名機組人員喪命。已成大名的物理學家費因曼(Richard Feynman)發現失事原因非常簡單,機上一個用作密封作用的小配件(密封圈,即水喉師傅稱之為「戒指」的東西)遇冷之下,失去應有的彈性,因此失去了密封的作用,導致太空穿梭機解體。密封圈如此簡單的小配件,竟然造成了太空史上的一次災難,對許多人來說是匪夷所思的。雖是調查委員會的成員,費因曼的意見並不是一下子就被接納,委員會主席就曾經說過:「費因曼實在太令人反感!」(Feynman is becoming a real pain in the ass!)

嚴峻問題有簡單的解決方法

既然嚴重的問題可能有簡單的答案,那麼其解決的方法就很簡單。要減低孕婦生育的死亡率,醫護人員養成徹底洗手的習慣就可以了;要避免下一次太空穿梭機的意外,改用較耐冷的密封圈就可以了。

要執行這些解決方案,在技術上沒有難度,真正的困難在於人心︰在於掌權者能否克服自己頑固的思維。

香港的反修例運動持續已經超過半年,現在還沒有平息的跡象。香港政府拒絕回應市民的訴求,不僅接二連三地錯失和解機會,反而不斷通過警暴,傲慢態度和謊言回應之,這猶如不斷火上加油,而國內的機關又不斷指手畫腳,這就是箇中原因。什麼外國勢力干預,什麼港獨勢力,都是無關宏旨的。

對於這個棘手的問題,其解決方法異常簡單。現在最迫切的是停止警暴,成立獨立調查委員會,至於對雙普選的要求,政府只要承諾會盡快處理,那就可以止息大部分人的憤怒。

香港人真正要求的,是落實中英聯合聲明和《基本法》所承諾的「一國兩制」高度自治。這些要求合情合理,香港既然是特區,它內部實行的特殊政策如雙普選,中國政府在這些方面對香港人如從善如流,不應該看成是退縮的表現。

中聯辦換人

最近香港中聯辦突然換人,換走王志民,調入級別更高的駱惠寧。

顯而易見,王志民的能力和在共產黨裏面的地位,並不足以駕馭香港目前複雜的情況,由於他在香港的時間不短,建制派和愛港力量在他的動員之下焦頭爛額,要他們彼此重建信心,簡直異想天開。找一個新人也許有點新氣象,就像一間經營不善的食肆,老闆不變,裝修一下,改個名字,改點菜式,在開業初期都能帶來多點顧客的一樣。

比較肯定的是,駱惠寧會整頓中聯辦,和重新整合愛港愛國或者建制派的力量。我們需要注意,這些措施本身並不會強化香港的核心價值,就像在大陸習近平任內大力反貪,並沒有為人民帶來人權和自由一樣。駱惠寧最後也許會答應香港人的一些要求,而整頓共產黨組織,有意和香港政府保持距離,這有利於日後借個別警察和政府官員開刀,幫港人消消氣,但是,就共產黨的本性而言,任何在政治方面向人民的讓步,都只能看作是戰術性的後退。

其興也勃焉 其亡也忽焉

《左傳》有以下的一段話,「禹、湯罪己,其興也勃焉,桀、紂罪人,其亡也忽焉」,意思是說,禹和湯怪罪自己,他們的興盛很迅速,勢不可擋,桀、紂怪罪別人,他們的滅亡也很迅速,突如其來。

百度有這樣的解釋:「縱觀歷史風雲,細細品味歷代王朝興衰,我們驚奇地發現,歷代王朝創造繁榮的過程,極為相似,其衰亡也經歷了驚人相似的軌跡。概言之,在專制主義中央集權或王權集中的古代社會,歷代皇朝的興衰與一個人有極其密切的關係,這個人就是作為皇朝最高權力的擁有者──『天子』,即我們常說的國王或者皇帝。」

古人對歷史的總結,到了今天仍然有效。

 

趙耀華 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院副教授

(本文同時於二零二零年一月十五日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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