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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
Only the Market Can Unlock the Value of Data Assets

Only the Market Can Unlock the Value of Data Assets

23 Jul 2026
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數據資產的價值,只能由市場發掘

2026 年,Reddit 與 Google 那份簽約價約 6000 萬美元/年的數據授權合同即將到期續約。加上同期與 OpenAI 簽訂的姊妹合同,兩份協議目前合計為 Reddit 貢獻約 1.3 億美元的年化數據授權收入。分析師預測,續約后兩份合同總價可能跳升至 5.5 億美元。那麼,這些價格是怎麼定出來的?更廣義地,數據資產應該如何定價?

相較於其他資產,數據資產有很強的獨特性,這也決定了對其定價的難度。首先,數據價值高度依賴使用場景。同一份消費者行為數據,對快消品公司價值巨大,對工業品公司可能無用。同一份語料,對訓練通用大模型和訓練專業醫療模型貢獻完全不同。同一份衛星圖像,對量化基金和對保險公司用途差異巨大。數據的價值不存在於數據本身,而存在於「數據 + 買方 + 使用場景」的匹配里。

更關鍵的是,即便鎖定一個買方,數據價值也無法在簽約時被完全確定。一份語料、一份醫療數據庫、一份用戶畫像,它的真實貢獻要在與買方現有資產、產品迭代、其他數據源的交互中才能逐步顯現。買方在使用之前能做的估值——無論是樣本測試、試點項目還是歷史回測——都只是粗略判斷,無法穿透「未來交互」這一層。這兩層因素疊加,意味着數據資產很難有「內在價值」可估。任何外部估值方法——估值標準、定價模型、交易所掛牌價——都很難穿透「使用場景 + 買方組合 + 未來交互」這幾層不確定性。

面對這種獨特性,市場沒有等待理論成熟,而是自發演化出一套精巧的合同設計。

一是短約加續約重談。Reddit 與 Google 的合同期是 2 到 3 年,與 OpenAI 類似。這等於雙方默認「現在定不準,到期再談」。續約本身成了價格發現機制——雙方都已經從中間幾年的實際使用中積累了信息。

二是混合對價。2024 年 News Corp 與 OpenAI 簽訂的總價超過 2.5 億美元的 5 年合同中,News Corp 拿到的不是純現金,而是現金加 OpenAI 的服務抵用額度。這種安排的邏輯是:如果數據真的值錢,那建立在數據上的 OpenAI 服務也會值錢,兩者綁在一起對沖了「現在不知道數據值多少」的風險。

這些條款的功能不是定價,而是讓交易能在雙方都不知道價格的情況下發生。它把「定價」這件事,從一次性事件變成了一個反覆進行的過程。

與市場作為價格發掘機制并行的,是中國正在展開的一個自上而下、全鏈條推進的數據要素市場制度實驗。中國把數據列為繼土地、勞動力、資本、技術之後的第五大生產要素。從 2022 年「數據二十條」、2023 年組建國家數據局,到財政部數據資源入表於 2024 年 1 月施行,再到上海、深圳、北京三大數據交易所運營,制度鏈條完整且自上而下。

這套制度設計與市場發掘價格的機制,不是相互替代的關係,而是可以形成互補。制度框架解決的是市場賴以運轉的基礎條件——權屬界定、入表口徑、交易場所、合規邊界。這些是單靠雙邊交易無法演化出來的基礎設施。但價格本身,仍然只能在交易中浮現。制度無法替代交易,正如交易也無法自發產生制度。

換個角度說:好的制度設計不應替市場決定價格,而應讓市場發掘價格的過程發生得更充分、更順暢。讓真實交易能持續發生、讓續約博弈能積累信息、讓買方間競爭能形成基準、讓合同條款能在迭代中演化——這是制度可以、也應該承擔的角色。

Reddit 2026 年續約最終談出來的價格——無論是 5.5 億美元、3 億美元還是其他數字——都比任何模型更接近「這份數據值多少錢」這個問題的真實答案。因為它來自市場,而且是帶着兩年新信息回來的、第二輪的市場。

熊琰教授
港大經管學院金融學副教授

(本文同時於二零二六年七月二十三日載於《FT中文網》明德商論專欄)

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