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Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

Investment trap-Ponzi Scheme

10 Jan 2018
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投資陷阱之龐氏騙局

比特幣近期成為環球金融市場的一大焦點,其價格於去年1月初還低於1000美元,到12月中急升至近2萬美元,又於同月底急挫至1.3萬美元。期間,比特幣能否成為真正的交易貨幣,專家意見分歧,甚至有知名市場人士、輿論和國際金融監管機構把比特幣喻為龐氏騙局(Ponzi Scheme)。

投資環境誘因

龐氏騙局因龐茲(Charles Ponzi)而得名,他於上世紀20年代以郵票投機計劃,欺騙成千上萬美國新英格蘭居民。龐氏騙局是一種非法傳銷方式,以投資方案為掩眼法,招徠投資者,把後來者的資金支付已承諾前期投資者的高利潤回報,一旦新投資無以為繼,整個方案便開始崩潰而暴露。香港亦曾出現不少類似騙局,例如1990年代的牛奶種金投資,其手法跟龐氏騙局同出一轍。

多年來,各國政府均有厲行市場法規打擊投資騙局,但龐氏騙局一直未能根除。究竟箇中有何市場因素、是否有跡可尋,下文將逐點討論。

要探討龐氏騙局的投資市場條件,可以追溯至2008年金融風暴前後。當時隨着金融服務業的爆炸式增長,投資工具日形複雜,加上環球經濟不景氣,多國政府通過減利率和量化寬鬆穩定金融市場及刺激經濟,因崩盤而暴露的龐氏騙局數字更創新高(4大騙案見【表1】,另9宗則見【表2】)。這些騙局表面上跟一般金融市場的交易無甚分別。

表1

主謀

欺詐手段

騙局被瓦解時間

款額(百萬美元)

Bernard Madoff

對沖基金

2008年12月

65000

Thomas Petters

倒賣

2008年9月

3700

Allen Stanford

銀行

2009年2月

8000

Scott Rothstein

結構性結算

2009年12月

1400

表2

主謀

欺詐手段

騙局被瓦解時間

款額(百萬美元)

George Hudgins

商品期貨和期權

2008年5月

88

Nicholas Cosmo

貸款與建築公司

2009年1月

370

Stephen Walsh & Paul Greenwood

交易策略

2009年3月

553

Arthur Nadel

證券交易

2009年4月

360

Marc Dreier

虛構的本票

2009年7月

700

John Bravata & Richard Trabulsy

房地產投資基金

2009年7月

50

Shawn Merriman

股票和期權

2009年4月

20

Sidney and Charlotte Hanson

外匯期貨交易

2009年8月

22.5

Weizhen Tang

對沖基金

2009年4月

75

每當投資市場充斥過度貪婪的投資者,或經濟不景氣,整體投資回報下滑,都會促使龐氏騙局萌芽,市場監管過於寬鬆亦然。然而,單靠市場監管卻未能杜絕龐氏騙局,道高一尺,魔高一丈,中外皆是。互聯網資訊泛濫,滿布投資機會,騙徒於是有機可乘,以驚人回報利誘受害人作出投資。

龐氏騙局目標之一,是傾向進行固定利率投資而不夠成熟的投資者,尤其依賴低風險、低回報的退休人士,當利率急降或長期處於低位,因其收入減少而急於追求高收益的投資,卻忽略其中涉及的高風險,缺乏經濟實力的退休人士,便更易墮入圈套。

當股票等投資市場表現持續上揚,即所謂「牛市」時,投資者亦會因急於投資,令追求高利潤的投資備受追捧,而助長龐氏騙局。再者,牛市由媒體廣泛報道,變相慫恿投資者入市,在「風險投資」情緒高漲下,投機和冒險投資成風,不成熟投資者容易誤墮投資騙局。與此同時,信貸寬鬆下,投資者也容易借錢作高風險投資,一旦投資市場形勢逆轉,高度槓桿更可令投資者傾家蕩產,引發投資贖回潮,一發不可收拾。

騙局各點蛛絲馬跡

綜觀各種推銷掩眼法,龐氏騙局實有跡可尋:

一、高收益、零風險

高收益通常意味高風險,風險愈高,投資虧損的機會愈大;風險既增,投資者自然要求較高的風險溢價或較長期的收益回報。雖然投資選擇不少,但由於投資者爭奪數量有限的投資,在競爭環境中,供求平衡價格會令風險水平相近的投資項目提供相近的回報率。因此,低風險投資計劃聲稱要提供高回報,則未免可疑;同理,在同類型投資計劃中聲稱回報特高亦然,例如Allen Stanford的投資組合聲稱回報高出市場存款證利率好幾個百分點。問題是,其他銀行為何不仿效其策略,提供類似回報?

二、回報長期一致

然龐氏騙局誇口每年都能提供一致性的利潤回報,但歷史表明,在正常情況下,一致性回報只能為期短暫。市場的不確定因素,無論關乎經濟、政治或氣候,都會導致股票、債券、貨幣及相關投資的資產價格趨向一致性波動。以Bernard Madoff的個案為例,儘管市場屢次崩潰而拖垮許多經驗老到的投資者,但數十年以來,他每年都提供難以置信的雙位數回報。

此外,Allen Stanford聲稱擁有的多元化投資組合回報也非常一致,甚至更有兩年高達15.71%。就多元化投資組合而言,如此高回報在統計學上根本不可能,即使投資大師如畢非德和索羅斯等亦會偶一失手,而遭遇投資歉年。因此,對任何聲稱保證最低收益的股權投資,應抱懷疑態度;對於保證高過市場收益率的長期債券投資也不例外。

三、回報快得可疑

部分龐氏騙局還提供前期加盟利潤,以鼓勵投資者於獲得第一筆利潤後加大投資,更以提供快速回報吸引投資者繼續留在投資計劃中。

四、催促投資惹禍

互聯網技術發達,資訊傳遞彈指可就,為免騙局前科在網上敗露,引起投資者及其親友懷疑,騙徒自然催促投資者倉卒下決定,投資客戶對此應提高警覺。

五、策略複雜難明

龐氏騙局也會聲稱採用複雜投資策略,當中涉及衍生工具、轉售或保險,以謀取高於正常的回報率。騙徒向客戶提供的解釋通常含糊其詞,令人無法完全理解,亦會自我包裝成相關領域的專家,甚至聲稱複雜策略建基於深奧的量子數學方程式,目的是混淆視聽,讓客戶羞於提問。有時候,複雜投資策略也可能包含所謂國際投資機遇,而涉及不同的法律和語言。總之千方百計防止客戶透過研究而找出真相,深信對方是值得信任的投資顧問。

六、投資堅持保密

一些龐氏騙局堅持保密,強迫投資者對合約條款或投資項目的性質保守秘密,理由是商業秘密一經洩露,可觀回報便會走樣。事實是,今時今日知識普及,投資根本難有必勝秘訣,任何能產生驚人回報的投資計劃,很容易會由其他實力派投資者複製及改良。

七、針對特定對象

龐氏騙局推銷員的推銷手法,並非單靠推銷計劃本身或其個人經驗和專業知識,其銷售對象則為某地區的某類型投資者、專業人士、社交網絡、社團或宗教團體成員,關鍵是口碑。例如Bernard Madoff通過好友和同事的引薦才接受投資者,很多投資者第一次獲引薦時卻往往會被拒諸門外,好讓他們以為Madoff根本不在乎他們的資金,若最終能獲其接納為投資成員,更視之為特殊禮遇。

龐氏騙局可以因應不同市場環境和時機,以不同形式出現,但總的來說,騙局能夠得手,以動聽故事作為包裝是必要條件之一,例如有關項目的投資前景定必看好,只賺不蝕,社會名人也不甘後人云云;並承諾極高投資回報及極低風險,務求不斷有新投資者加入,利用新增資金把項目的投資價值推得更高,而令先來者獲利,後來者遭殃。

謝國生 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院金融學首席講師

(本文同時於二零一八年一月十日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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