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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
Financial Inclusion: Benefits and Drawbacks of Fintech and Digitalisation Adoption by Traditional Commercial Banks

Financial Inclusion: Benefits and Drawbacks of Fintech and Digitalisation Adoption by Traditional Commercial Banks

12 Aug 2026
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金融普惠:傳統商業銀行的金融科技及數字化應用利與弊

當前,金融科技及數字金融的發展與應用已不只局限於非銀金融科技類公司及大型互聯網平台。事實上,在市場中仍然牢牢佔據主導地位的傳統商業銀行,尤其是許多大型商業銀行對前沿金融科技開發及應用的投入力度十分之大。有數據顯示,近年來國際上多家系統性重要銀行的科技投入力度甚至可比肩如谷歌、亞馬遜等主要科技公司的科技投入。同時,多家銀行高管公開強調對金融科技發展的重視。例如,時任花旗集團CEO的Michael Corbat曾聲稱:“我們將自己視為一家擁有銀行牌照的科技公司”;摩根大通等多家銀行的高管也曾有過類似言論。

金融科技的潛在正面作用

在金融科技及數字化發展還主要來自於互聯網平台及新興金融科技公司時,大家通常都認為金融科技能夠對金融普惠起到正面作用。其一,科技的加持有利於金融機構極大程度的降低運營成本,從而在競爭環境下降低金融服務及信貸定價。其二,科技發展可延伸各機構的市場觸達半徑和輻射範圍,並增加機構間在各市場細分領域中的業務重疊,從而實現市場競爭力度的加強,降低頭部機構在市場中的壟斷勢力。

然而,當傳統商業銀行開始進行金融科技及數字化應用時,其對市場中金融普惠的作用仍未有明確答案。一方面,銀行數字化金融服務的普及在降低運營成本、促進市場競爭等方面同樣可以起到有效作用,從而成為推動金融普惠的有利因素。而自前幾年開始,由於新冠疫情的影響,廣大用戶對線上銀行服務的需求激增也進一步推動了數字化金融服務的普及,並由此提升了用戶在各機構之間轉移的效率,有助於大家充分對比不同機構所提供的競品服務並選擇最優解,從而對金融普惠帶來有利影響。

此外,在傳統的銀行業務活動中,負責提供金融服務或進行決策的員工可能受到其主觀偏見的干擾,從而影響對特定群體,如少數族裔、女性、低收入群體等的金融普惠。例如,有研究表明當理財顧問面對女性客戶時,他們所提供的投資建議會劣於同等情況的男性客戶。當銀行使用自動化智能算法及程序替代人類員工時,這些相應的主觀偏見有望得到規避,從而得以更為公平地為不同類型客戶群體提供服務。

金融科技可能帶來的不利影響

另一方面,近年來學界與監管部門對銀行金融科技發展與應用也提出了一些潛在擔憂。首先,不同類型銀行在金融科技上投入和應用的力度及方向均存在較大差異。例如,相比中小銀行,大型銀行的科技投入可以更好地實現規模經濟,並在風險管理、交叉銷售和其他許多業務活動中獲得競爭優勢,從而導致市場中大小金融機構間金融科技及數字化發展存在顯著的“馬太效應”。而筆者基於美國市場詳細微觀數據的初步觀察也發現,各銀行科技水平與其資產規模、資金成本、盈利能力、零售業務比重等指標高度相關,還具有十分明顯的頭部效應。此外,大型銀行還通過大量收購金融科技初創企業實現在科技上的快速發展和突破。這一不均衡的金融科技發展模式可潛在導致銀行市場份額進一步向大型機構集中,乃至通過大銀行對中小機構對中小機構的兼並最終加劇銀行業市場整合。以美國為例,近幾十年其商業銀行數量由1995年的超過2000家降至2016年的僅約500家;與此同時銀行市場赫芬達爾-赫希曼指數(HHI)大幅上升。這一趨勢尤其集中在行業頭部:美國的摩根大通(JPMorgan Chase)、美國銀行(Bank of America)、花旗集團(Citigroup)和富國銀行(Wells Fargo)四大銀行佔據了全行業利潤的44%,且頭部銀行與其餘銀行的估值差距正在逐步擴大。這一趨勢將可能導致長期來看頭部銀行的市場壟斷地位進一步上升,並因此對金融普惠帶來不利的影響。

其次,傳統金融業務模式下,監管部門可限制基於客戶社會標籤(如性別、種族、籍貫等)提供差異化金融服務或進行信貸決策,但有當金融機構採用先進的機器學習方法進行評估和決策時,此類自動化系統可能會間接從其他信息中推斷出客戶的社會身份,並且這種基於算法的間接推斷很難被監管者察覺。這將有可能加劇金融服務和信貸資源分配中的不平等後果。此外,由於機器學習、人工智能等先進算法模型仍需由人類生成的數據進行訓練,此類模型的決策也很難完全擺脫人類決策者可能存在的偏見和歧視行為。從而可能仍然難以在金融服務中實現公平普惠。

總的來說,傳統商業銀行科技及數字化進程對金融普惠的作用究竟是正向還是負向目前仍未有定論。一種可能的假設是,在銀行金融科技及數字化發展的初期,率先進入數字化金融的機構可有效的延展其市場觸達半徑,從而提升各地金融市場的競爭力度,降低金融服務的價格並促進金融普惠;然而,隨著具有科技及數字化優勢的金融機構逐步搶佔市場份額乃至進行兼並,最終少數機構的壟斷地位將上升並導致金融服務的價格升高,從而可能對金融普惠產生不利影響。最終市場如何發展仍需我們對行業活動保持觀察和評估方能得到結論。

太明珠教授
港大經管學院金融學副教授、行為與決策科學研究所副總監

(本文同時於二零二六年八月十二日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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