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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

2nd Anniversary of Brexit Referendum

13 Jun 2018
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從英國脫歐公投二周年說起

國際政經舞台上最近好戲連場。除了昨天在新加坡舉世矚目的特金會外,在上周末的七大工業國集團高峰會議中,美國總統特朗普與其他國家領導人在貿易糾紛和其他議題上意見不合,眾人之不和及當時氣氛之僵硬,有圖為證;隨後特朗普在往新加坡途中攻擊加拿大總理杜魯多,指其出賣美國等等,並撤回對七國集團聯合公報的支持。至於特朗普與法國總統馬克龍的握手角力,則使人覺得國際合作淪落至此而啼笑皆非。

經濟架構重新整合

七大工業國集團佔全球生產總值差不多一半,自七十年代開始,即為全球經濟管治的核心基礎。這次會議的失敗,很可能成為數十年來全球管治架構瓦解的一個里程碑。

與此同時,東邊日出西邊雨,在同一個周末,上海合作組織在中國青島舉行峰會。這個組織的現有8個成員,佔了全球人口43%。全球經濟的管治架構正在重新整合。

然而,說到全球經濟架構的改變,不得不重提2016年的兩次黑天鵝事件。一是英國脫歐,二是特朗普的上台。這兩者都代表着二次大戰後經濟全球化趨勢的可能逆轉。

兩年前的6月23日,英國進行了脫歐公投。出乎多數人意料之外,投票的3000多萬人中,贊成脫歐的比反對的多了約4個百分點,震驚了全世界。經過了70年的世界經濟融合,首次出現了一個重大的經濟分離個案。

歐盟的前身是1957年成立的歐洲共同市場。當時只有6個國家,成立的原意是有高度的經濟合作後便可以減少相互發動戰爭的機會。這對經過兩次大戰洗禮的歐洲來說,特別重要。除此之外,商品與勞動力的自由流通,亦會大大提高經濟效率。到今天,歐盟已發展到包括英國在內的28個成員國,並仍然有進一步增加成員國的可能。

不過,經濟合作是有成本的。既要與盟友達成協議,並不能事事自我為是。英國公民決定脫歐,其中一個原因是認為歐盟政府從英國政府手上拿去若干權力,對企業又諸多監管。前者的影響在移民政策上更加使英國公民不滿。英國是歐盟國家中移民最想移居的地方之一,移民數目增長迅速,但又礙於歐盟的移民政策而難以限制。此外,英國每年對歐盟的財政撥款,遠高於其從歐盟獲得的利益。按2014/15年度的數字,英國對歐盟的淨資助為88億英鎊。

加入21個月過渡期

上面是公開辯論時支持英國脫歐的一些論點。若按地區的經濟情況和公投結果來分析,明顯地經濟發展較慢的傳統工業區有較多人贊成脫歐。這些工業在全球化過程中因缺乏競爭能力而停滯不前,脫歐反映的是這些區域的居民對全球化結果的不滿。

公投後英國政府自然要執行公投結果。接替卡梅倫任首相的文翠珊在2017年3月29日啟動了《里斯本條約》第50條,正式開始了英國與歐盟的談判。談判期為兩年,即原則上英國會於2019年3月底脫歐。但開始談判後雙方同意加入了21個月的過渡期。換句話說,新的政策最遲可延至2021年1月才實施。

英國早於1973年加入當時稱為歐洲經濟共同體的歐盟,經過40多年的經濟結合,一旦分開,要解決的問題自然很多,包括北愛爾蘭與愛爾蘭之間的邊界管理、在歐盟生活的英國公民和在英國生活的其他歐盟公民的繼續居留和其他權利、英國對歐盟的賠償等。經過一年多的談判,有些問題的解答方案已露出端倪。

從經濟和全球化的角度看,最重要的問題是,脫歐後英國和歐盟的貿易關係和安排將會怎樣。由於談判還沒有結果,一般會以軟脫歐和硬脫歐兩個可能性來估計。所謂軟脫歐,即和目前的情況差別不算太大,可以如挪威般留在歐盟的單一市場,而給歐盟的費用也比現在低,但同時也要和現在一樣容許歐盟人口進出英國。

至於硬脫歐,則不能留在歐盟的單一市場,甚至沒有達到任何外貿協定,但當然也不用付款給歐盟,同時可以保留英國的獨立人口流動政策。雖然沒有外貿協議,但底線是WTO。英國目前是通過歐盟才成為WTO會員,但脫歐後即自動成為會員,可以以WTO的框架和歐盟進行貿易。

或加強與亞洲往來

軟脫歐和硬脫歐的兩個可能,應該以後者的機會較大。一來是文翠珊強調減少移民到英國的政策,從一兩年前的每年20多萬減至10萬。這樣的話,英國大抵也不會留在歐盟的單一市場了。

另一方面,若歐盟給予英國脫歐的條款非常寬鬆,很可能助長了其他歐盟成員國也要求脫歐,這顯然對歐盟的穩定性很不利。

硬脫歐表示英國要和其他經濟體達成貿易協議,以取代現時所有通過歐盟簽訂的協議,以及維持與全球經濟的結合。但在目前全球經濟形勢下,應該不可能再像二次大戰後以美國馬首是瞻。

這一屆的美國政府,在退出《跨太平洋夥伴關係協議》(TPP)後,也不會對《跨大西洋貿易及投資夥伴協議》(TTIP)作任何推動。還好的是,除了美國和一些深受民粹主義影響的國家外,大部分國家和經濟體仍然肯定經濟開放和環球貿易的價值。說不定英國會加強與亞洲、特別是中國的經濟往來。英國公投決定脫歐和特朗普的外貿政策,有如倒水時把盤中的嬰兒也倒走一般。是時候把嬰兒撿回來了。

陸炎輝 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院客席副教授
(本文同時於二零一八年六月十三日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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