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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Will the Cross-border Consumption Trend Hollow Out Hong Kong’s Economy?

Will the Cross-border Consumption Trend Hollow Out Hong Kong’s Economy?

8 May 2024
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北上消費 挖空經濟?

剛剛過去的五一假期,在內地被稱為吃喝玩樂爆棚的消費黃金周,算是給略顯疲態的中國經濟帶來一股暖流。雖然香港部分商家也受益於內地黃金周的溢出效應,但其作用就像這幾天市民議論紛紛的五一煙火表演,站在有利位置倒也頗為可觀,但畢竟不像射向高空的煙花那般絢爛,稍微遠離樓台就只能空對月。

這是本港近兩年的經濟寫照,每逢佳節長假,商家既喜且憂,尤其是港人北上消費日趨規模,而來港的內地遊客則消費降級。長此以往,不免讓人擔心本地服務業會不會像製造業一樣出現空洞化(hollowing out)?特區政府是否應該未雨綢繆,施以援手?

熱潮將成長期趨勢

港人北上消費現象簡直可以寫成經濟學教科書上的經典案例。市場經濟一大定律就是所謂的一價定律:在高效運作、競爭充分的市場,同量同質產品價格趨同。但這一定律在香港和鄰近內地城市的商品差價下顯得慘白無力,拿深圳作參照,香港物價動輒高出在內地同類消費一半,甚至數倍。

這樣巨大的價格差,如何得以長期維持?筆者認為無非靠以下幾個因素。一是區域壟斷(如醫療服務),若為市民提供的醫療保險只適用在香港,那港人不得不在港看病求醫。二是高交易費用,要是港人到內地消費交通不便、語言不通、對內地商家缺乏信任,那麼市民也不會大規模北上。三是本地偏好(home bias)強烈,如果香港人對本地特產情有獨鍾,對異鄉文化不甚了然甚或不願接受,那本地消費就會佔絕對主導的份量。

另外一個極為重要的因素是收入,如果香港人維持高水平的實際收入,日常消費只佔收入一小部分,就會出現經濟學上的需求價格彈性(price elasticity of demand)偏低。既然消費者對價格變動不敏感,市場價格自然有機會高企不下。

近年來,隨着香港與內地經濟上的加速融合,以上幾個讓一價定律失效的因素紛紛瓦解。但香港的高成本決定了物價高企,因此港人到內地消費的動力必然大為增強。筆者斗膽預測,港人北上消費將會成為長期趨勢,而且消費範圍會從吃喝玩樂日益擴大到醫療、文化等領域。問題的關鍵在於,此一消費趨勢會否削弱香港經濟的增長?

對整體經濟影響不大

北上消費蔚然成風,不能說對香港經濟秋毫無損,畢竟對不少商家來說,日常消費是此消彼長的現象。然而港人離港消費對整體經濟影響不會太大,這是長期形成的經濟結構使然。

在國際貿易研究中,經濟學者往往把一個經濟體分成兩大部門:可貿易部門和不可貿易部門。可貿易產品指在本地產出的物品和服務,但賣給外地的企業和消費者,比如香港製造的醫療用品,賣到美國市場去,或者香港企業提供的法律諮詢服務,賣給赴港上市的境外企業。不可貿易產品則是那些本地產出、本地消費的物品和服務,最典型例子莫過於餐飲業。實際經濟運行中,有一個介乎兩者之間的準貿易部門,其產品雖然不是直接賣給外地消費者,但其附加值依附於出口產品而產生,比如物流及金融服務。

香港屬於外向型經濟,可貿易部門是引擎,準貿易部門在其驅動下產生巨大乘數效應,促進經濟增長。以本地服務業為主的不可貿易部門,則是得益於其他兩個部門形成的溢出效應。因此,港人北上消費雖對本地服務業有一些衝擊,但對整體經濟影響不大。

觀乎真正足以支撐本地服務業的力量,一要靠貿易和準貿易部門蓬勃發展,以提升市民收入,二是靠香港作為國際大都會的集聚效應。從這個意義上,能有北上消費機會反倒有助於加強香港的集聚效應。試想想,北上消費的比重不斷增加,當大到可以把深圳的物價算進本地物價指數時,香港對中端人才的吸引力定必大增。

歸根究柢,服務業近年略顯蕭條,核心不在港人北上消費或內地訪客消費降級,而繫於香港經濟能否良性發展。長遠而言,端賴這座城市能否維持跟國際接軌的競爭優勢。

助中小企渡難關

既然北上消費並不會造成香港服務業空洞化的風險,那特區政府是否就可置之不理?早前Facebook上曾出現名為「全港店舖執笠結業消息關注組」的群組,據說成員超過30萬人,以致人多爆群。若香港真的出現大規模結業潮,不但對中小商家是嚴峻考驗,也會對就業問題造成不小衝擊。

眼下工商界有兩種聲音,一種是商家應努力提升產品品質及服務水平,既保住港人的胃和腳,同時吸引內地遊客的嘴和腿。另一種聲音則認為在微利年代,要商家短期內自我增值未免不切實際,冀望特區政府能採取措施予以保護。有網友呼籲政府每月派發消費券,或補貼瀕臨倒閉的小商家。

眾說紛紜,當局應如何取捨?筆者認為,特區政府對來自民間的救市呼聲縱使毋須有求必應,卻也不宜置之不理,更應該仔細調研,審慎評估粵港澳大灣區經濟融合對本港中小企業的影響,並在大數據和經濟學模型的基礎上,對比各種政策的有效性和可行度。當局若能在市場出現悲觀氣氛的時候,因勢利導,採取措施提振營商者信心,相信有望化危為機。

 

吳延暉教授
港大經管學院經濟學、管理及商業策略副教授

(本文同時於二零二四年五月八日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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