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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
To Balance the Supply and Demand of Parking Space via Technologies and Big Data

To Balance the Supply and Demand of Parking Space via Technologies and Big Data

2 Mar 2022
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科技大數據化解路旁泊位供求失衡

特區政府設於路旁的泊車位長期供不應求,近年更變本加厲。駕車者在鬧市尋找泊車位固然困難,在郊野公園附近也不容易。要理順路旁泊車位供求失衡的現象,簡單的經濟學理論、科技和大數據的應用或可派上用場。

市場失衡背景

政府路旁泊車位和其他公營、私營停車場顯然互相替代,因此路旁泊車位供求失衡也關係到全港泊車位市場的整體供求。泊車位供求備受關注,這亦是立法會交通事務委員會經常討論的議題。根據2021年8月20日立法會交通事務委員會有關泊車位的討論文件,「截至2021年5月底,全港大約有812000部領有牌照的車輛,當中接近八成為私家車和客貨車。從2010年至2020年,私家車和客貨車數目由約457000部增加至約626000部,而同期可供私家車和客貨車使用的泊車位數目則由約633000個增加至約688000個。換言之,泊車位與此類車輛數目比例由1.38跌至1.10。」由此足見,泊車位數目愈來愈接近甚或少於車輛數目。近年出現車位呎價高於豪宅的現象,正正反映車位市場供求失衡。

針對車位市場供應緊張問題,要從供應、需求和定價入手。如欲增加供應或減少需求,則需要透過政府規劃。但香港土地供應緊絀,大幅增加車位談何容易?過去10年,香港人平均收入上升,對私家車的需求大幅增加。同期,提供類似私家車服務的的士數量維持不變,使用車輛的政府徵費基本上也維持不變。難怪市民在車位租金高昂的情況下,對擁有車輛的意欲依然不減。

在《2021至22年度財政預算案》,政府把私家車首次登記稅,各稅階的稅率提高15%,是10年來首次。牌照費大幅上調30%,更是20年來首次。增加私家車首次登記稅和牌照費,對減低私家車需求應該有一定作用,不過民間對這次上調幅度反應頗大。筆者建議政府日後依人均收入,每年適度上調有關稅項,以便在不致令大眾譁然造成驚嚇的情況下,持續調控私家車需求。

再者,有關當局應考慮重新增發的士牌,以滿足市民對類似私家車服務的需求。一旦此類需求得到滿足,市民對擁有私家車的需求自然下調,泊車位的需求也會繼而下調,紓緩泊車位市場的供求失衡。

此外,車位定價也是解決此問題的關鍵。一般多層停車場多是私人營運的,營運商有定價自由,並基於市場供求定價。至於公營泊車位收費,一般也會參考附近私人市場,故筆者相信公私營市場能自然調整,達致供求平衡。

供應落後成因

值得關注的是路旁泊車位。特區政府審計處2018年發表一份有關泊車位的報告顯示,這類政府車位主要為滿足駕駛者短時間泊車的需要而設。泊車位旁邊一般會豎立收費錶。根據1967年交通諮詢委員會提交前行政局接納的指引,路旁泊車位收費錶所定收費,須足以維持大約15%車位空置率,確保泊車位的車輛流轉,以供更多駕駛者使用。這項指引一直沿用至今。

筆者認為,透過調整收費以維持15%的空置率理論上合理,不過實際執行往往存在困難。在路旁劃定泊車位成本不高,亦毋須經常進行維修,但收費錶的安裝和維修成本就肯定不菲。若入不敷支,安裝收費錶就不划算。因此,出於成本效益的考慮,收費錶多設於使用率較高的市區地段,而非使用率偏低的郊區地帶;郊區的公營泊車位一般不設收費錶,亦即泊車免費。

不難想像,零收費就容易衍生「生人霸死地」的弊端。郊區泊車位被長期佔用,導致真正有需要者經常「無位可泊」,違反了「確保泊車位的車輛流轉,以供更多駕駛者使用」的供應原則。

要以定價維持15%的空置率,就先要收集相關數據。進行實地考查因成本高昂而不能恒常執行,以致政府只能按收費錶的收入,結合過時的空置率考查結果,從而作出粗略的估算。缺乏數據,政府難以掌握空置率的每日變化,當然無法透過調整收費以維持15%的目標。即便能夠掌握數據,要為舊式收費錶定期按時段調整收費,牽涉成本之高也可能得不償失。有鑑於此,維持15%空置率的指引向來只是流於空談。

科技解決方案

不過,隨着近年科技進步,尤其是電子支付和網上支付的發展,15%空置率或有望實現。運輸署於2021年1月開始安裝新一代路旁停車收費錶,預計於2022年上半年完成所有安裝。新收費錶可接受多種電子支付方式,並支援駕駛者以「入錶易」流動應用程式遙距繳付泊車費。同時,新收費錶配備感應器以偵測有關泊車位是否正被使用,並透過「香港出行易」及「入錶易」流動應用程式向公眾發放。

透過收費錶的感應器,有關部門可以實時掌握區內車位的空置率,並以此調整收費,確保空置率維持在15%左右。若空置率低於15%,泊車費就會隨之上調;若高過15%,泊車費就會隨之下調。在使用舊式收費錶的日子,調整費用需要靠技術員實地調整,成本甚高;至於新一代收費錶,理應只需在錶內預設調整收費程序便可,簡單可行。為免混亂,筆者建議每天的收費應設上下限,並可預先透過流動應用程式,向公眾發放預計的平均使用率和收費。當然,上下限應因地區而異,也理應定期調整。

市區郊區看齊

原本不設收費的郊區泊車位,亦應一律增設收費錶。收費目的在於避免濫用,確保泊車位的車輛流轉,以供更多駕駛者使用。在使用舊式收費錶的日子,在郊區設置車位收費錶往往成本大、收入小,不設收費錶的決定也可以理解。但改用新式收費錶後,有關成本將大幅降低。近年整體車輛數目增加,郊區泊車位需求殷切,設置收費錶肯定合乎成本效益,再不設置無疑於理不合。

路邊泊車位收費已經凍結了20多年,偏離合理收費的程度已到了匪夷所思的地步。若有關當局執行筆者上述的建議,雖會導致泊車費用上調,但卻有助泊車位車輛流轉,惠及更多駕駛者及真正有需要的駕駛者。筆者有信心這項建議會受大部分駕駛者歡迎。

 

王家富 港大經管學院經濟學首席講師

(本文同時於二零二二年三月二日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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