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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Seeking “Responsible Alpha”: Navigating Generative AI and Financial Regulation

Seeking “Responsible Alpha”: Navigating Generative AI and Financial Regulation

11 Apr 2026
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尋找「負責任的阿爾法」:平衡生成式AI與金融監管之道

如果未來中環多家基金的智能體(AI agent),能在同一秒內讀完中央銀行聲明、業績電話會議紀錄與全球新聞,並據此作出方向相近的交易判斷,市場究竟會變得更有效率,還是更脆弱?這已不是科幻想像,而是正迅速逼近金融業的現實。

現階段而言,生成式人工智能(GenAI)多用於概括研究報告、整理資訊、撰寫程式及分析文本;但當這些能力進一步結合記憶、推理、規劃、工具使用與持續執行模組,並嵌入投資研究、風險管理及交易流程,金融機構便會由「信號生成」走向自主程度更高的AI智能體系統(agentic AI system)。【註1、6、8】

AI時代的「阿爾法焦慮」

這個轉變催生了所謂的「阿爾法焦慮」(alpha anxiety)現象。阿爾法亦即超額回報(alpha),有關焦慮不在於AI是否比人更聰明,而在於它正迅速降低部分投資研究工作的複製成本。過去需要研究團隊長時間完成的公開資訊整理、文本解讀、持倉追蹤與風格識別,如今愈來愈可以由模型自動化處理。【註4】有研究指出,AI僅根據公開持倉披露與宏觀數據,已能模仿頂尖資產管理人相當比例的交易行為。【註2】

當更多機構都能從相似數據中提取相近信號,原本稀缺的資訊優勢便更容易被競爭侵蝕,超額回報也更難持久。AI未必會終結阿爾法,但它確實正在縮短阿爾法的半衰期,迫使機構投入更多算力、更昂貴數據與更複雜架構,只為維持原有回報。這正是一場典型的「紅皇后競爭」(Red Queen competition)。

演算法趨同與系統性脆弱

比單一模型出錯更值得警惕的,是大量模型同時「做對同一件事」。當不同機構依賴相近的基礎模型、相似的新聞來源、相同的市場數據、類似的風險約束與優化目標,表面上彼此競爭,實際上卻可能在壓力時刻收斂為高度一致的交易反應。生成式AI一方面降低資訊不對稱,把過去分散於文本、語音與敘事中的非結構化訊息迅速轉化為可交易信號。但另一方面,也可能令市場參與者在更短時間內得出更接近的判斷,從而提高策略趨同與模型同質性的風險。【註1、6、7 】

正常市況下,這種技術進步有助加快價格發現;但一旦市場受壓,其順周期性(procyclicality)也可能被強化。若愈來愈多模型驅動的交易者以相近邏輯解讀央行措辭、盈利指引與宏觀數據,並在相近的止蝕、保證金要求與風險值(value at risk)限制下同步調整持倉,市場流動性便可能在短時間內同步收縮。既有研究表明,演算法交易在正常時期固然有助提升價格發現與資訊反映速度,在壓力情境下卻可能加劇流動性脆弱性。若不同策略日益依賴相似信號與相近執行規則,市場效率的提升,或會以更脆弱的微觀結構為代價。這正是AI金融的一個悖論:微觀層面的理性優化,未必能轉化為宏觀層面的穩定。【註3、7 】

從追逐阿爾法到追求「負責任的阿爾法」

正因如此,筆者提出「負責任的阿爾法」(responsible alpha)這個概念。未來有價值的阿爾法,不應只是在短期內跑贏市場,而應置於可解釋、可審計、可干預,且不致過度放大系統性風險的邊界內。換言之,「負責任的阿爾法」不把風險控制視為附帶條件,而是把可管治性內生為阿爾法的一部分。當信號提取日益商品化,真正稀缺的能力,將不再只是建出更不透明的黑盒,而是證明自己的AI何以可信:它用了什麼數據、經過什麼工作流程、誰可以覆核、出了問題誰能中止。當阿爾法愈來愈像可複製的公共技術,管治能力、審計能力與人手介入能力,反而可能成為新的私人護城河。【註5】

香港近兩年的政策方向,恰好為這種「負責任的阿爾法」提供了制度土壤。2024年8月,香港金融管理局聯同數碼港推出首個「生成式人工智能沙盒」,明確提出以風險為本的原則,強調高風險決策須保留「人在環中」(human-in-the-loop)模式。2025年8月,國際結算銀行(BIS)創新樞紐香港中心、金管局與英國金融行為監管局推出 Noor項目,聚焦於生成式AI及高級算法模型在金融體系的應用,以解決AI可解釋性(explainability)難題。這意味監管思路已不只要求機構解釋AI,而是開始提升監督者本身看懂黑盒的能力。到2026年3月,香港又把沙盒升級為生成式人工智能沙盒++,將範圍擴展至證券、資產管理、保險及強積金等領域,令沙盒不再只是試驗場,而是監管者與市場共同界定安全邊界的制度工程。

當然,沙盒的推出不能只是一個展示創新的招牌,而是要成為驗證管治能力的試驗場。對代理式AI與量化模型而言,真正要測試的,不只是模型準確率,而是整條風險管理鏈:數據能否追溯、版本更新有否留痕、壓力情景下會否同步撤單、模型漂移(model drift)能否及時發現,必要時能否由人手介入或緊急停用。未來資產管理業的競爭,比拼的不只是模型預測力,也是在比拼機構能否把模型風險納入管治框架之內。

以提升阿爾法的可信度為目標

下一輪金融競爭,比拼的更不只是誰更早用上AI,而是誰能更早證明:自己的AI在賺錢時可靠,在失靈時可控。2025年世界經濟論壇白皮書提醒,許多機構其實仍處於由試驗走向規模化落地的過渡階段;真正決定成敗的,往往不是模型本身,而是信任、自我管治、人才、網絡安全與數碼基建是否到位。【註8】從這個角度看,香港的潛在優勢,不僅在於更早部署AI,更在於更早的把模型治理、壓力測試、審計軌跡與人手介入機制,逐步制度化為跨市場、跨監管、跨機構的共同語言。

歸根究柢,若市場最終把透明度、可問責性與管治成熟度視為值得付費的屬性,那麼「信任」本身,便可能成為下一代國際金融中心最重要的無形資產。香港要尋找的,不只是更高的阿爾法,而是更值得全球資本信任的阿爾法。

註1:Aldridge, I., An, J., Burke, R., Cao, M., Chien, C. Y., Deng, K., … & Zheng, W. (2025). Agentic artificial intelligence in finance: A comprehensive survey [Working paper].

註2:Cohen, L., Lu, Y., & Nguyen, Q. H. (2026). Mimicking finance (NBER Working Paper No. 34849). National Bureau of Economic Research.

註3:Dou, W. W., Goldstein, I., & Ji, Y. (2025). AI-powered trading, algorithmic collusion, and price efficiency (NBER Working Paper No. 34054). National Bureau of Economic Research.

註4:Gu, S., Kelly, B., & Xiu, D. (2020). Empirical asset pricing via machine learning. The Review of Financial Studies, 33(5), 2223–2273.

註5:Fabozzi, F. A., & López de Prado, M. (2025). Implementing AI Foundation Models in Asset Management: A Practical Guide. Journal of Portfolio Management, 52(2).

註6:Mo, H., & Ouyang, S. (2025). (Generative) AI in financial economics. Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 23(4), 509–587.

註7:International Monetary Fund. (2024). Global financial stability report. https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/gfsr/2024/october/english/textrevised.pdf

註8:World Economic Forum. (2025). AI in action: Beyond experimentation to transform industry. AI Governance Alliance, in collaboration with Accenture.

孟婧涵博士
港大經管學院金融學高級講師、港大經管學院理學士(計量金融)課程總監

(本文同時於二零二六年四月十一日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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