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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column

Small House Policy: Crux of the Problem and Opportunities

17 Apr 2019
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丁屋問題癥結與契機

近日高等法院對首宗丁權覆核案作出判決,只有建於私人土地上的丁屋屬合法傳統權益,以私人協約或換地方式撥地建丁屋則屬違憲,而針對丁權具歧視性的挑戰則被判敗訴。現時凡年滿18歲而又符合丁屋申請資格的新界原居民男丁,申建丁屋的途徑有三:一、申請免費建屋牌照,在村莊範圍內自己擁有的土地上建屋;二、透過私人協約批地方式,向政府申請官地建丁屋,須繳付的地價為市價三分之二;三、以私有農地與政府「換地」建丁屋。

以司法覆核方式挑戰丁權,理據是基本法第25條(「香港居民在法律面前一律平等」)及第39條(《公民權利和政治權利國際公約》和《經濟、社會與文化權利的國際公約》通過特區法律實施),以及1972年政府實施小型屋宇政策(俗稱「丁屋政策」),並不屬原居民傳統權益。

誰勝誰負分析

新界鄉議局的辯解理據,基於基本法第40條「新界原居民的合法傳統權益受香港特別行政區的保護。」以及第122條「原舊批約地段、鄉村屋地、丁屋地和類似的農村土地,如該土地在1984年6月30日的承租人,或在該日以後批出的丁屋地承租人,其父系為1898年在香港的原有鄉村居民,只要該土地的承租人仍為該人或其合法父系繼承人,原定租金維持不變。」認為基本法草委的意向清晰,亦即回歸後新界原居民可繼續享有丁權。

有鄉議局的資深法律界人士認為鄉事派贏了,判決確立了原居民常用的免費建屋牌照渠道符合基本法,屬原居民合法權益,同時可以平息多年來關於性別歧視的爭拗。私人協約批地和換地雖被判違憲,但只佔申建丁屋總數二成。判決也有利於催促政府,盡快審批積壓十多年的萬多宗建屋牌照申請。

社會輿論則視鄉事派其實「明贏實輸」,因為三種申建丁屋途徑失去兩種;鄉議局亦發表聲明,對判決表示失望,並考慮提出上訴。

截至去年中,地政總署累積批出42678宗丁屋申請,其中逾66%申請免費建屋牌照,其餘三成以上則屬私人協約批地和換地方式。鑑於去年以建屋牌照個案的比例高達89%,地產界人士預料判決帶來的影響有限。

丁屋問題由來

1970年代初,政府為提升新界鄉郊地區的住屋和衞生標準,引入小型屋宇政策。凡18歲以上的男性新界原居民,若其父系祖先在1898年以前為新界地區村民,均屬合資格人士,每人可向政府申請一幅地皮,在「鄉村式發展」地帶及「認可鄉村範圍」內興建丁屋,樓高最多三層及不超過27呎,樓面面積不得超過700平方呎;無須繳付地價。若落成後5年內把丁屋轉讓,須獲地政總署許可及補地價;滿5年之後可自由轉讓,無須補地價。

回歸後丁屋制度在社會上引發頗多爭議。首先,丁權只屬男性原居民擁有,聯合國消除對婦女歧視委員會認為這是歧視女性的權益。丁屋制度亦違反《香港人權法案條例》和《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》等法例。再者,大部分非原居民日漸認為丁權是原居民的特殊權益,對目前輪候公屋需時超過5年及貧富懸殊的香港社會而言,丁屋制度是否仍然切合時宜,值得商榷。

環保方面,由於政府對鄉郊地區一直缺乏規劃,在丁屋數目增長的同時,並無修建大型排污系統,導致大部分丁屋的排污長期仍然依賴滲水池,此等設施因保養欠佳而污染周圍環境。

文化保育方面,原本具有文化風情的鄉郊景觀,因丁屋亂建而被破壞。以著名圍村錦田吉慶圍為例,其圍牆是香港重要文化遺產,但歷經數十年發展,傳統客家圍村房屋已被三層高西班牙式洋房取代,形成圍牆內外的景觀格格不入。

鄉村規劃方面,丁屋欠缺規劃、排列無序,嚴重浪費村屋之間的土地。此外,丁屋建築面積的限制,使新界大片土地無法發展中高密度住宅,未能善用土地資源以配合人口增長及城市發展的需求。

發展政策瓶頸

根據地政總署資料,以平均一公頃土地可建34幢丁屋的比例計算,1972至2017年期間,興建批出的42678丁屋所用土地面積共1255公頃,預計未來丁屋申請及獲批數目只會隨人口增加而上升。2007至2017年期間,以獲批丁屋個案每年平均新增1085宗計,估算佔用土地面積為351公頃。假設2018至2047年間,丁屋平均每年增長維持在1000宗,則30年的三萬幢丁屋需地最少882公頃,與明日大嶼計劃中1200公頃填海地扣除三成用作海濱郊野公園後面積相若。以每幢丁屋容納一家四至五口計,1972至2047年期間,用作興建丁屋的土地總面積,只能容納大約32萬人。政府還需興建道路等配套設施,對整體民生及社會發展構成壓力。

雖然,目前「鄉村式發展」地帶總面積約3380公頃,主要供原居民建丁屋之用;其中有900多公頃為未批租或撥用的政府土地,並非全用作建丁屋。但上述高院的判決表明,政府提供土地以興建丁屋乃屬違憲,社會上隨即出現許多聲音,建議政府釋放這900公頃土地,用作房屋發展;事實上,其中不少為各丁屋之間的通道和其他零散、不規則地皮。限於地形、基建及其他配套設施等,可供進一步發展的土地有限。

化解紛爭良策

鄉議局曾多次向政府建議興建多層丁屋(即「丁廈」),務求達致政府、原居民、非原居民均可接受的三贏「丁廈」方案。當年政府因丁屋政策牽涉性別歧視而備受本地(如平等機會委員會)和海外(如國際人權公約報告)的壓力;丁權亦涉及土地資源運用、非原居民與原居民權益的爭議,以至環保問題。鑑於女性原居民甚少擁有土地,可供購買的土地極少,向政府申請土地極為困難,鄉議局於是向政府進言,讓女性原居民亦可擁有申建丁屋的資格。

另一方面,興建多層鄉村屋宇對整體社會好處甚多,其中包括節省政府審批申請丁屋的人力資源;有效規劃及增加鄉村擴展區的效益;不損公共利益之餘,又不會增加財政負擔;更為丁屋政策提供長遠解決辦法,政府可更靈活地處理及整合預留作丁屋的用地。此外,發展丁廈可減少原居民對公營房屋的需求,對整體社會可說是利多弊少。

政府還可考慮部分位處村界以外的鄉村式發展用地,或毗鄰新市鎮發展邊沿地帶的鄉村作為試點,興建丁廈。可供選擇的地點包括北區天平山村和粉嶺靈山擴展區。

雖然高等法院對丁權覆核案的判決或會進入上訴程序,最終結果還未定案,但未雨綢繆,政府是時候探討落實丁廈發展,以填補丁屋政策的不足。
謝國生博士
香港大學經濟及工商管理學院金融學首席講師、新界鄉議局當然執行委員

(本文同時於二零一九年四月十七日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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