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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
When Tariffs Go to Court: A Billion-Dollar Lesson in Constitutional Law

When Tariffs Go to Court: A Billion-Dollar Lesson in Constitutional Law

15 Apr 2026
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當關稅壁壘鬧上法庭——一堂千億美元的憲法課

本年2月20日,美國最高法院以六比三的裁決,在Learning Resources, Inc. v. Trump一案中作出里程碑式的判決:總統無權依據《國際緊急經濟權力法》(International Emergency Economic Powers Act;簡稱IEEPA)單方面徵收關稅。首席大法官羅伯茨在判詞中指出,總統僅憑IEEPA中相隔16個詞的regulate(規管)和importation(進口)二詞,便主張可以對任何國家、任何產品、以任何稅率、在任何時間徵收關稅,而「這兩個詞承受不了如此巨大的分量」。

這一裁決不僅在法律上劃出清晰紅線,更在經濟和金融方面觸發了連鎖反應,從華盛頓以至香港中環都受到影響。

課稅權屬國會

此一判決意義深遠,皆因美國憲法第一條明確將「徵收稅款、關稅、進口稅和消費稅」的權力賦予國會。最高法院在本案中運用三權分立原則裁定,具有重大經濟和政治影響的關稅權力必須由國會明確授權。正如經濟學的公共選擇理論所分析:當政策制定權過度集中於行政部門,政策將易受短期政治考量扭曲。近一年來,企業被迫在急變的貿易政策背景下作出招聘、定價和投資決策,而稅率經常波動。這種不確定性對經濟造成的傷害,某種程度上甚於關稅本身。

天文數字退稅的困境

判決的直接後果是一場規模空前的退稅難題。根據美國海關與邊境保護局向國際貿易法院提交的聲明,在IEEPA關稅下,超過33萬家進口商繳納了共達1660億美元的關稅,涉及報關記錄約5300萬筆。退稅之路荊棘叢生,海關的自動化系統在設計上無法輕易將IEEPA關稅單獨列出;若以人手重新計算,估計所需工時為數440萬。

這背後關乎一個金融學的重要概念:資金的時間價值。假設一家企業繳交了1000萬美元的IEEPA關稅,按照美國現時利率,每延遲1年退還,機會成本就高達約50萬美元。因此接近2000家進口商已提出訴訟,爭取退稅權利。

從B計劃回到A計劃

白宮並沒有坐以待斃。判決公布同日,特朗普在數小時內連續簽署3份行政命令:終止IEEPA關稅,依據《1974年貿易法》第122條徵收全球性臨時進口附加稅,並繼續暫停小額進口免稅待遇。次日,特朗普將稅率提高至第122條所允許的法定上限15%。此條款可說是一把有時間鎖的槍,允許總統在不超過150天的期限內,徵收最高15%的進口附加稅;其後若要延續則須國會投票通過,本年7月24日就是截止日期。

更值得關注的是長線布局。美國貿易代表格里爾於3月先後對16個經濟體啟動以「產能過剩」為由的第301條調查,又對約60個經濟體發起「強制勞動」相關的第301條調查;兩項調查合計已覆蓋美國80%至90%以上的進口。新加坡韓禮士基金會貿易政策主管Deborah Elms一語中的:「我們很可能會回到原點,這不是C計劃,這是回到A計劃。」

誰在為關稅買單

經濟學教科書告訴我們,關稅由生產者和消費者分擔,但實證數據比理論更為嚴峻。 紐約聯儲銀行的研究發現,近90%的關稅成本由美國企業和消費者承擔。耶魯大學預算實驗室的追蹤數據顯示,關稅對進口核心消費品的價格傳遞率在40%至76%之間,高盛的估計更為驚人:消費者承擔的份額目前已達55%,預計2026年將攀升至70%。

舉個例子:一件從中國進口的兒童玩具,出廠價20美元,加上運輸和分銷成本後,在美國的零售價為30美元。徵收20%關稅後,進口成本上升4美元,但零售價不會只漲此數,因其中還包含國內運輸、行銷和零售加價等非進口成分。尤其令人憂慮的是,廉價商品價格平均約5%的漲幅,是高端產品漲幅的兩倍。由於低收入家庭傾向購買廉價商品,關稅實際上是一種累退稅,使弱勢社群承受不成比例的負擔。

震盪蔓延至香港

至於本港,在這場風暴中也不能置身事外。美國是香港第二大出口市場,2024年商品出口額達379億美元。儘管香港在基本法下保持獨立關稅區的地位,美國對中國的關稅仍直接適用於香港。

特區政府一直奉行自由港政策,不徵收報復性關稅,這反映出維護國際商業樞紐吸引力的戰略。但對於以北美市場為主的跨境電商平台而言,取消小額免稅待遇以及實施附加稅,直接影響每筆訂單的成本結構。香港工業總會主席莊子雄曾直言,關稅的反覆變動下,任何人都無可能再做生意。

從資產配置的角度看,貿易政策的不確定性已經成為影響港股估值的重要風險溢價因素。在貿易摩擦升級時期,恒生指數中出口導向型企業的市盈率普遍受壓,投資者在評估相關股票時,應在折現率中加入「政策不確定性溢價」。

今後發展與對策

展望未來,有兩個重點值得密切關注。首先是本年7月24日,第122條臨時關稅屆滿,美國國會投票延續與否將是觀察兩黨貿易立場的重要風向標。其次是第301條的調查步伐,若結果認定貿易夥伴存在不公平行為,則可能在夏末秋初出台新一輪國別關稅。

觀乎形勢,筆者就香港的政策提出3項建議。一、加速出口市場多元化,提升開拓東盟、中東和拉丁美洲市場的步伐。二、強化香港作為「超級聯繫人」的角色,憑藉獨立司法制度、自由資金流動和國際仲裁中心的優勢,而成為跨國企業重新配置供應鏈時的關鍵節點。三、善用金融工具對沖貿易風險;香港的衍生品市場、保險和再保險服務可為面臨關稅風險的企業提供量身定製的風險管理方案。

上述美國最高法院的判決提醒我們,在一個法治社會中,即便是最強大的行政權力也有其邊界。正如羅伯茨大法官引用1899年先例所言,課稅權是「整個國家架構所依託的偉大權力」。這種權力應受制度制衡,市場才能形成穩定預期,經濟才能在規則框架內健康運行。香港素以法治和制度透明度為基石,也同樣捍衛此一理念。

章逸飛博士
港大經管學院經濟學高級講師

(本文同時於二零二六年四月十五日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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