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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Islamic Finance in Hong Kong

Islamic Finance in Hong Kong

30 Nov 2022
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加快搶攻 新興金融

香港金融市場表現出色,截至2021年底,在港管理的資產總值4.5萬億美元;私募基金資產達1800億美元,在亞洲區內規模僅次於內地。然而在金融市場產品方面,香港仍側重股票,缺乏多元化發展,為加強產品及服務的深度和廣度,以鞏固其國際金融中心地位,不妨從新興領域入手。

新領域新規則

顯著例子是伊斯蘭金融,其中涵蓋伊斯蘭銀行、伊斯蘭債券(sukuk)、伊斯蘭保險(Takaful)、基金管理,以及符合伊斯蘭教義的公司(Shariah-compliant Corporate Sector)五大範疇。其整體規模雖然不大,但波斯灣地區(尤其是沙地阿拉伯)的地位,在全球伊斯蘭金融市場中將更舉足輕重。

投資伊斯蘭金融產品時必須遵守伊斯蘭投資原則,不得違反伊斯蘭教法(Shariah),其中有三大投資規則:

一、禁止收取利息(riba)。貨幣應被視作交易媒介,但收取利息卻意味貨幣為商品,而且屬不勞而獲,有違伊斯蘭教教義。不過,伊斯蘭金融體制容許銀行通過投資賺取利潤。「利潤」的概念與「利息」不同,銀行賺取的利潤經過買賣雙方同意,一旦出現任何資產風險,銀行與客戶必須共同承擔。這種直接賺取價差,不以「金錢賺取金錢」的交易方式,符合伊斯蘭金融「盈虧共享」的核心價值。

二、禁止具風險或不確定的交易(gharar)。當買賣雙方無法確知所交易商品的特質,例如買方事前無法檢視商品或賣方在交易時未持有該商品,為免交易不公平而引起爭議,具有風險或不確定的交易一律被禁止。

三、禁止從事賭博活動(maysir)。由於賭博被視為零和遊戲,不能創造財富,只能轉移財富,必有一方蒙受損失,獲利一方則不勞而獲,結果可能衍生貧窮、欺詐等社會問題。

穩投資建平台

伊斯蘭金融採用以實際資產支持的伊斯蘭債券,作為傳統金融體系中證券融資的代替品。伊斯蘭債券以有形資產為基礎,任何商業行為不能單純為了金錢而存在;強調對支持債券等實際資產的所有權,並不承諾對未來的回報和利潤分配。此外,伊斯蘭金融不准對現金流、按揭擔保和資產進行分拆或證券化,以確保發行債券的高透明度和對風險的正確評估,有利於管理投資風險。

由於伊斯蘭金融的性質異於西方金融體制,所以彼此足以互補。原則上,伊斯蘭金融重視實體經濟的平等和投資,為投資市場提供穩定和具成效的環境。相對其他風險資產而言,伊斯蘭金融堅守極低風險,以2008年金融海嘯為例,期間次級貸款問題導致西方傳統銀行及金融機構損失慘重,反觀伊斯蘭金融的融資方式則能提供所需安全性。究其原因,按照西方傳統融資方式,融資機構對有關資產既無收益權,亦毋須分擔損失,只會按時收回貸款並獲取約定的利息。伊斯蘭金融則並非以利息為基礎,而建基於風險共擔、公平夥伴的關係上。因此,融資提供者就必須認真分析借款者的投資意向、償付能力、首期付款及違約風險等,大大有助於避免次級貸款危機之類風險。

伊斯蘭金融產品具備分擔風險的機制,同樣受到非伊斯蘭教背景的投資者和發行機構歡迎。早於2007年8月,馬來西亞豐隆銀行獲香港金融管理局批准開設伊斯蘭銀行窗口。2007年11月,香港證券及期貨事務監察委員會(證監會)批准恒生伊斯蘭中國指數基金,並向個人投資者發售,恒生投資管理有限公司亦同時推出伊斯蘭基金系列。及至2010年,為加快促進香港伊斯蘭金融業務的發展,證監會與馬來西亞證券事務監察委員會簽署聲明,落實互相認可伊斯蘭集體投資計劃的安排。香港亦先後於2014年、2015年及2017年發行3批美元伊斯蘭債券,市場反應熱烈,並同時於香港交易所、馬來西亞的Bursa Malaysia(Exempt Regime)及杜拜的Nasdaq Dubai上市。

優勢相得益彰

香港的伊斯蘭金融業務以伊斯蘭債券為主,在發售及交易平台方面極具潛力。特區政府發售的伊斯蘭債券吸引了各國不同類別的投資者,其中中東和歐洲投資者佔比高達57%。香港更是全球首個獲得AAA發債評級的政府,未來可望招徠更多發債機構到此發行伊斯蘭債券。

此外,世界各地近年來積極提倡綠色金融和可持續投資,即透過投資為環境和社會帶來正面效益。環境、社會及管治(Environmental, Social, and Governance,簡稱ESG)以及社會責任投資均成投資界新寵兒。資料顯示,去年全球發行的綠色債券及批出的綠色貸款已達2690億美元。即使受到新冠疫情影響,2020年香港綠色債券發行金額合共20.9億美元,雖按年減少18%,但綠色融資宗數則創新高,符合國際定義的綠色債券共有15宗,綠色貸款1宗,反映在特區發展綠色金融仍有不俗成績。

顧名思義,伊斯蘭綠色債券結合了伊斯蘭債券及綠色債券兩者的特色。2017年,國際上第一批伊斯蘭綠色債券由中資Edra Power Holdings Sdn Bhd旗下的Tadau Energy Sdn Bhd在馬來西亞發行,名為Green SRI Sukuk Tadau,價值2.5億美元,是一種永續責任投資(Sustainable Responsible Investment)債券。伊斯蘭綠色債券市場將是伊斯蘭金融未來的重點項目,香港應致力掌握先機,為迎來新發展做好一切基本配套。

部署如箭在弦

縱使環球商貿在過去3年備受疫情嚴重打擊,各地投資者仍在注視中國的市場商機。香港特區其實有條件成為伊斯蘭金融中心,除了法制穩健、貨幣穩定、外匯市場開放、規管制度及結算系統完善,其運作靈活的金融架構有利於發展符合伊斯蘭教法的各類創新金融產品。再者,作為粵港澳大灣區的國際金融中心,本港可充分發揮超級聯繫人的角色,協助推廣伊斯蘭金融產品,以滿足內地企業和中東投資者的需要。

香港是全球最大的離岸人民幣業務中心,亦是全球首個獲AAA發債評級並發售伊斯蘭債券的政府,作為發售及交易以人民幣定價的伊斯蘭債券平台,更具有無可比擬的優勢。過往已有兩宗來自馬來西亞而以人民幣計價的伊斯蘭點心債在香港發行。事實上,伊斯蘭債券早在1983年在馬來西亞首次發行,該國目前亦擁有全球最大的伊斯蘭債券市場。

伊斯蘭債券市場相繼在其他國家開始發展,例如新加坡(2009年)、英國(2014年)、香港(2014年)。香港背靠祖國,理應善用自身的獨特優勢,採取可持續的進取策略擴展此一市場;特區政府及金融業界若能攜手合作,推出以人民幣定價的伊斯蘭債券及綠色伊斯蘭債券,相信不難吸引更多發債機構在本港發行伊斯蘭債券。

 

謝國生博士
港大經管學院金融學首席講師

何敏淙先生
港大經管學院經濟金融學助教

(本文同時於二零二二年十一月三十日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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