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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Economic Moat and The Rise and Fall of Companies

Economic Moat and The Rise and Fall of Companies

23 Nov 2022
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經濟護城河與企業盛衰

無論是投資者或是經營者,都希望自己參與的企業在市場競爭中立於不敗之地。一間公司的內在價值,取決於其維持自由現金流的能力。能做到歷久不衰、長期獲利的企業,通常都具備可持續競爭優勢(sustainable competitive advantage),也就是畢非德(Warren Buffett)口中的「經濟護城河」(economic moat)。正如一座城堡需要護城河抵禦敵人的來犯,一間公司在面對競爭對手時,也有賴一道寬而深的經濟護城河,以穩守公司在市場上的定價能力(pricing power)。當競爭優勢遭到侵蝕,甚至陷入競爭劣勢時,就是企業由盛轉衰的開始。

根據企業戰略理論,競爭優勢的關鍵之一,在於該企業的內在核心能力(core competency)與外部環境中的關鍵成功因素(key success factors)是否相配。一間企業失去競爭優勢,有時是因為管理層未能持續投資於公司的核心能力,結果被對手趕上。不過一個更難察覺的隱形殺手,則是常被忽視的外部環境轉變。若外部關鍵成功因素發生改變,企業卻未能隨之調整內部資源分配,那麼其核心能力最終將與競爭環境脫節,而落入能力陷阱(competency trap)。

昔日王者 成功有道

以智能手機行業為例,如今鮮為人知的HTC,早年曾經一度拋離三星,與蘋果一較高下。在仍以諾基亞手機主導的年代,擅長硬件研發的HTC幾乎與蘋果同時推出輕觸式屏幕,更推出第一款設有全球定位系統的第三代流動電話,成為行業中硬件創新的領跑者。之後HTC又推出市面上第一款安卓(Android)智能手機,因而聲名大噪。

2011年,HTC一度搶佔全球手機市場高達8.8%的份額。可惜好景不長,隨着大量競爭對手的湧現,HTC的業務急轉直下,到2015年市佔率只剩下1.4%,公司市值更在短短4年內蒸發超過90%。

HTC的大起大落令很多人感到驚訝和不解。很多分析將其失敗歸咎於營銷策略失誤和競爭對手的凌厲攻勢;但細想之下,不難發現HTC的高層在產業價值鏈方面,從一開始就策略性地選擇專注於硬件研發,卻未能覺察外部競爭環境已悄悄發生變化。

早年將HTC從代工廠打造成為國際品牌的功臣周永明,在發展初期為公司確立「謙和智慧」(quietly brilliant)的定位,偏重產品的質料和性能優異,卻忽視軟件開發與品牌營銷。在下屬眼裏,周永明迷戀硬件設備,對細節要求更是嚴苛到近乎完美。這樣的經營策略也恰恰迎合了早期消費者的需求。當時手機產品類型有限,品質參差,因此消費者在作出選擇時,尤其關注硬件參數。大屏幕、高像素鏡頭,以及穩定的性能成為高檔手機的象徵,消費者也樂意為此支付較高價格。在這樣的市場環境下,本身就擁有硬件研發優勢的HTC,更受益於台灣完備的電子產業供應鏈,可謂如魚得水。

市場轉勢 成敗拐點

HTC雖然缺乏在軟件研發和產品推廣的能力,卻懂得利用自身優勢,吸引供應鏈上下游的龍頭與之結盟,借力打力。在上游,HTC借助微軟和谷歌,先後推出第一款配備視窗(Windows)和安卓作業系統的智能手機。在下游,HTC憑藉靈活快速的產品定制,建立了與T-Mobile、Verizon和Vodafone等歐美電訊商的的合作關係,成功打開國際市場的通路。短短5年內,佔盡天時、地利、人和的HTC搖身成為和蘋果平起平坐的安卓之王。

然而隨着供應鏈的不斷發展,手機製造業的入場門檻也大幅降低。進入成熟期的手機產業開始出現商品化(commoditization)的趨勢,HTC卻未能意識到危機四伏。中興、華為、小米等中國手機廠商相繼湧現,開始通過供應鏈取得標準化的晶片、鏡頭、屏幕,迅速提升產品的硬件質素。消費者自此對高檔手機不只講求高端硬件,更同時考慮操作系統以及品牌形象,作為用戶體驗的要素。

當消費者眼中的安卓手機顯得同質化,HTC就難再單憑硬件以實現產品差異化。再者,主打低端市場的內地廠商開始蠶食HTC的市場份額,就連昔日的電訊商夥伴也轉投其他品牌。HTC在市場上的定價能力因而逐漸消失,「謙和智慧」的品牌價值已不合時宜。

2013年,節節敗退的HTC高層決心作出最後反擊,推出經3年精心研發的高端手機New One。這款主打金屬機身兼具超高像素鏡頭的新手機,雖在推出前深受業內人士好評,並獲不少獎項,但時移世易,高端用戶更重視軟件和品牌,New One迅即被三星的S4擊垮。2018年,HTC最終將手機研發部門以11億美元賣給谷歌,從此由盛轉衰。

反觀HTC的老對手蘋果和三星,卻能因應市場發展,利用調整資源分配而取得新的競爭優勢。原本就已擁有品牌優勢的蘋果,透過打造自家的iOS生態系統(ecosystem)以增加產品差異化,進而提升用戶黏性。以2021年第二季度為例,蘋果以區區13%的手機付運量,賺取了整體市場75%的利潤。

至於不遑多讓的三星,則依靠規模優勢和雄厚資本,持續投入品牌營銷,提升用戶的認知品質(perceived quality)。單單2016年,三星的市場營銷投入就超過100億美元,反而HTC自2011年以後的營銷投入卻逐年下滑,2013年更跌破10億美元之數,不及對手的十分之一。三星近年研發的摺疊手機,儘管有華為、小米和維沃移動(vivo)緊緊追趕,卻依然能夠處變不驚,堅持高定價策略;背後一個重要原因,就是三星有一群忠實用戶,願意支付較高的品牌溢價。

剛柔並濟 致勝關鍵

HTC的興衰為投資者和經營者提供了一個經典案例,管理層執着於公司的核心能力,卻被企業的競爭優勢蒙蔽,漠視市場環境的演變。在成立初期,HTC對於硬實力的專注正好迎合消費者的偏好,業務發展邁向巔峰。隨着外部關鍵成功要素變得與內部核心能力不一致,死守硬實力的策略卻終使HTC從高峰滑落。相較之下,透過打造軟實力的蘋果和三星,在產業變革之際得以立於不敗。

其實行業演變並非手機市場獨有,HTC的盛衰也絕非偶然。今時今日的電動車行業,從特斯拉到「蔚小理」(蔚來、小鵬和理想),無不充滿了投資者對未來的憧憬。然而一間公司即使享有行業龍頭地位,只要稍有差池,就可能重蹈HTC的覆轍。決策者必須持續觀察業內趨勢,因應市場環境變化,不斷調整公司資源的分配。只有在軟實力和硬實力之間取得平衡,才能讓企業屹立不倒。

《道德經》有云:「天下莫柔弱於水,而攻堅強者莫之能勝,以其無以易之。弱之勝強,柔之勝剛,天下莫不知,莫能行。」無論是投資者或是經營者,若想為企業建成「經濟護城河」,不妨參考歷久彌新的老子智慧。

 

嚴崢博士
港大經管學院管理及商業策略高級研究助理

李晉教授
港大經管學院經濟學、管理及商業策略教授

(本文同時於二零二二年十一月二十三日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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