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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Biodiversity Risk Management: Global Strategies and Policy Implementation

Biodiversity Risk Management: Global Strategies and Policy Implementation

12 Jun 2024
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生物多樣性風險管理:全球策略及政策實踐

 

生物多樣性風險(biodiversity risk)和氣候風險(climate risk)都是環境問題,但兩者關注的領域和影響因素各有不同。

生物多樣性是地球上生物種類、基因和生態系統的豐富程度;是生態系統健康、可持續性和抵禦外來干擾的基礎。生物多樣性風險是指人類活動或自然現象導致生物多樣性減少的可能性,可能源於生態破壞、氣候變遷、污染、過度開發和入侵物種等。此類風險足以嚴重影響人類經濟、社會和生態系統,如糧食安全、水資源和藥物研發。保護和恢復生物多樣性以降低生物多樣性風險,對全球可持續發展具重要意義。

至於氣候風險,則來自人類活動造成的溫室氣體排放,進而導致全球氣候暖化、極端氣候事件頻率和強度增加,亦包括海平面上升、洪水、乾旱、食物和水資源減少。

儘管這兩種風險聚焦的領域不同,但其中仍存在一定關聯。氣候變遷可能加劇生物多樣性風險,導致物種分布、生態系統結構和生物相互作用出現變化。同時,生物多樣性的喪失,或會削弱生態系統對氣候變遷的適應能力。

訊息披露法規現況

儘管生物多樣性的喪失備受全球關注,各國政府卻尚未出台強制要求企業披露生物多樣性影響的法規。當前不少監管機構已制定關於環境、社會及管治(ESG)披露的指南和政策,生物多樣性通常作為環境因素的一部分被納入其中。譬如,美國證券交易委員會倡議上市公司披露對其業務具有重大影響的風險和不確定性,當中可能包括關乎生物多樣性的問題。

此外,美國一些行業和非政府組織也倡導企業在可持續發展報告中,提供關於生物多樣性的資訊。雖然並非強制性,但公司為了提高透明度和滿足持份者的要求,每多自願披露相關資料。同時,不少國家和地區鼓勵企業遵循國際性的ESG披露框架,如全球報告倡議組織(Global Reporting Initiative)的可持續發展報告指南,以及金融穩定理事會的氣候相關財務披露工作小組(Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures)。這些框架中通常也包含了與生物多樣性相關的披露要求。

企業應對風險策略

由於生物多樣性風險的廣泛影響及披露倡議,愈來愈多企業開始未雨綢繆,積極實行保護措施。以下為美國和本港兩大上市企業的典型案例,以資讀者參考。

為了應對生物多樣性風險對農作物的潛在危害,星巴克與保護國際(Conservation International)組織合作,推出「咖啡與農民的公平實踐」(C.A.F.E. Practice)計劃,以確保咖啡農場遵守保護生物多樣性和野生動物棲息地的核心準則。該計劃臚列農業規範和環境措施,旨在有效管理廢物和農藥的使用、節約能源和保護水質,以維護生物多樣性。截至2015年,星巴克已實現超過99%的咖啡豆通過此一嚴格篩選程序。

作為港企龍頭之一的長江實業集團有限公司,將生物多樣性風險納入其企業風險管理系統,並積極識別和評估潛在風險。該集團制定了以下各項生物多樣性政策:一、透過環境影響評估,以減輕其集團業務對自然棲息地的負面影響。二、積極與持份者合作,以互相增強對保護生物多樣性的意識。三、減少業務運營和建築項目對環境的污染,包括減少空氣、噪音和光污染。同時,在現有的基礎設施投資項目(如Northumbrian Water、UK Power Networks)中,採取措施減少產生廢棄物和碳排放,以保護自然環境和生物多樣性。

資本市場綠色機遇

生物多樣性的喪失可能引發一系列連鎖影響,世界經濟論壇估計,世界經濟有一半以上依賴自然。有鑑於此,不僅企業在探索有利生物多樣性的新商業模式,投資者也開始關注並投資保護世界生物多樣性,為市場帶來新投資機會。

目前,市場上專注於生物多樣性的股票基金數量不斷增加。許多投資機構利用專業知識,將資產分散投資於最有潛力促進生物多樣性的公司,推出多樣化的投資組合,供投資者選擇。例如,安盛投資管理亞洲有限公司的投資產品主要集中在可持續材料、土地和動物保護、水生態系統等領域。富達基金的最新產品也專注於投資致力解決生物多樣性喪失問題的頂尖公司,涵蓋污染治理、土地和海洋利用變化、直接開採等主題。

這些股票基金不僅支持保護生物多樣性,且符合聯合國提出的「2030可持續發展目標」,為投資者創造長期穩定的潛在投資價值。然而,在選擇投資組合時,投資者需仔細評估相關風險,包括行業對生物多樣性的影響、土地利用變化及供應鏈等間接因素對生物多樣性的影響。

政府相關政策展望

香港給人的印象是個繁華熱鬧的大都會,但這片彈丸之地也富於自然生態和生物多樣性,為市民帶來四季分明的景致。保護生物多樣性對於這座城市的可持續發展至關重要,特別是在氣候變遷等挑戰日益嚴峻的情況下,社會上下都必須共同努力,保護寶貴的自然遺產。2016年,特區政府公布首份城市級《生物多樣性策略及行動計劃》,旨在深化生物多樣性保護及支持本港的可持續發展。展望未來,除了加強本地教育,當局更應着力擴展在區域及國際方面的交流和合作。

在區域層面,特區政府可與珠三角地區攜手合作,共同應對跨境生物多樣性保育問題。例如透過設立跨境自然保護區、合作進行生物多樣性監測等方式,共同保護跨境生態系統和生物多樣性。區域合作有助於提高生物多樣性保育的整體效果,進一步促進區域可持續發展。

國際方面,特區政府可繼續與聯合國環境署、世界自然保護聯盟等國際環保組織加強合作,共同推動生物多樣性保護的研究、政策制定和技術交流。在此大前提之下,當局亦宜鼓勵本港科研機構與國際研究機構合作,開展生物多樣性保護的基礎及應用研究。

 

章逸飛博士
港大經管學院經濟學高級講師

江梓茵女士
港大經管學院本科生

 

(本文同時於二零二四年六月十二日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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