HKUBS_Standard_Coloured_Shield_Blue_Text_Logo - 380
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
  • 繁
  • 简
Type To Search
HKUBS_Standard_Coloured_Shield_Blue_Text_Logo - 380
Type To Search
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
HKUBS_Standard_Coloured_Shield_Blue_Text_Logo - 380
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
    • Overview
      • Message from the Dean
      • Vision & Mission
      • Milestones
      • Partnerships & Global Network
      • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
      • Rankings & Accreditations
      • Corporate Collaboration
    • Leadership
      • Faculty Management
      • International Advisory Council
    • Our Stories
    • Contact Us
    • Staff Portal
    • Campuses
  • Programmes
    • Undergraduate
    • Masters
      • MAA
      • MAcct
      • MCGRM
      • MEcon
      • MFWM
      • MFin
      • MFFinTech
      • MGM
      • MSAF
      • MSc(BA)
      • MScMktg
      • MWM
    • MBAs & EMBAs
      • MBA
      • IMBA
      • HKU EMBA
    • DBA
    • PhD
    • Executive Education
  • People
    • Faculty
    • Post-Doctoral Fellows
    • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
    • Research Postgraduate Students
    • Administration
  • Research
    • Thought Leadership
      • Latest Research Publications
      • HKEJ Column
      • FT Chinese Column
      • In the Media
    • Academic Areas
    • Faculty Members
    • Research Grants
    • Seminars & Conferences
      • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
    • Research Centres & Institutes
    • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
    • HKU Knowledge Exchange
    • HKU Scholars Hub
    • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
    • School News
    • In the Media
    • Press Release
  • Career
    • Recruit our Talents
    • Student Career Development
    • Career Opportunities
      • Faculty Recruitments
      • HKU Career Site

HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Beacons to pierce the info fog

Beacons to pierce the info fog

8 Jul 2020
Share on TwitterShare on FacebookShare on WhatsappShare on LinkedInShare on Email

資訊迷霧中的指路明燈 

上月報載,WhatsApp群組瘋傳聖安娜餅屋快將結業,呼籲持有餅卡的顧客趕緊換領產品。聖安娜母企利亞零售隨即澄清集團財政穩健,聖安娜不會結業,網上流傳的消息純屬虛假。

製造虛假資訊,既可能在於欺騙大眾,以達損人利己的目的,亦可能是無心之失。蓄意造謠,將假消息廣泛傳播,往往涉及巨大的經濟代價。

作假造市的網站

2018年1月,全球最受歡迎的加密貨幣比特幣(Bitcoin)價值,在短短一個月內突然崩潰,下跌超過六成。由於普羅大眾對這種貨幣缺乏認知,引來多方猜測,陰謀論四起。有關虛擬貨幣的網上資訊泛濫,加密貨幣又缺乏監管,欺詐者藉此利用社交媒體、虛假新聞網站和私人聊天應用程式如Slack等,炒作假消息托市。

正如《紅樓夢》書中名句,「假作真時真亦假」;例如「大泵信號」(Big Pump Signal)聊天室,就以「抽高急放」(pump and dump)的價格操縱手段,以假消息把資產價格抬高,然後抽身離場,從中圖利。手法是在聊天室通過名為John McAfee的假賬戶發出推文,聲稱GVT為「是日首選硬幣」,慫恿會員轉發推文和在指定時間買賣,結果其價值在短短4分鐘內暴漲15美元,交易量翻了一番,19分鐘後卻打回原形,以致不少投資者蒙受損失。

此外,金融市場還出現冒充主流媒體的網站,製造及宣傳虛假資訊。2017年9月比特幣大升浪期間,就有一個假冒CNN的網站,報道布蘭森(Richard Branson)和馬斯克(Elon Musk)投資了1700萬美元於比特幣技術相關的初創公司,令市場憧憬比特幣升勢持續;該網站3個月內的瀏覽次數超過425000之數。人工智能發展一日千里,將結構性數據轉化成人類語言的技術更大有進境,易於以機器產生虛假訊息和語言,增加大眾媒體及訊息消費者經濟或政治損失的風險。

搞小圈子的媒體

近年來,各大科技、社交媒體公司為傳統行業(尤其是媒體、廣告和零售等行業)帶來新穎營運模式之餘,也衍生了虛假資訊大行其道的空間。

社交媒體平台愈來愈多,更使資訊的傳播和消費出現扭曲,廣傳訊息可以完全繞過傳統媒體所講求的嚴謹查證和編輯步驟,而直接傳遍世界,削弱企業和政治領導的權威,亦有助於別有用心者製造輿論、滲透甚至分裂社會。

社交媒體和新聞平台能快速散布虛假資訊,並隨時監察目標受眾反應,再把虛假內容改良,提高點擊次數而增加收入。聳人聽聞的假資訊從來易於嘩眾取寵,其中包括暗藏偏見的議論、似是而非的訊息、如幻似真的陰謀論,以至徹頭徹尾的謊言,用以操縱民意、蒙騙大眾或影響公共政策。

通過大規模的協調行動,增加網站點擊率和瀏覽次數,足以建立虛假資訊的認受性,而進一步深化滲透率。同時,偽造的文件、虛構或冒充人物,亦有利於推廣訊息,再加上遊戲推薦等手法製造活動頻仍的假象,就更事半功倍。

有別於錯誤資訊,虛假資訊指為特定目的而傳播的資訊,旨在誤導或造成傷害。虛假資訊並不一定全部捏造,可經剪裁和拼湊而成。

至於造謠,則包括故意在虛假環境中,使用真實材料以進行虛假連接,例如將假標題配真實圖片,利用冒充知名網站的方式發放誤導性資訊,通過圖像和影像包裝,激起公眾的憤怒或仇恨。

透視幻象背後

大多數人都渴求社會歸屬感和認受性,藉此融入社區、建立身份。關乎歸屬感及社會身份的網傳資訊,自然易於產生共鳴。互聯網和社交媒體固然有其正面價值,讓使用者從中找到屬於自己的社群,建立歸屬感,而且有益社會福祉。

但這跟散播虛假訊息和謠言又有何關係?由於大眾往往下意識去追求社交歸屬感,也就傾向接受認同自己身份的資訊,並對這些資訊來源的媒體深感興趣,而樂於分享及廣傳其中訊息,同時視所屬社交網絡為值得信賴的新聞及消息來源。一個社交群組內若充斥着未經核實或劣質資訊時,其成員自然易受影響。

據相關統計,推特每秒鐘發送6000推文,臉書網站每天託管3億張新照片。一般而言,大部分人都會即時刪除他們認為不相關、不重要、不喜歡的資訊。資訊量龐大,加上大眾的注意力及分析力有限,難以分辨資訊品質高下,亦無從判別其可信性,虛假資訊於是有機可乘,廣為傳播。

自我高估,認為自己理性、分析力強可說是人之常情,但心理學研究早已證明,人腦在涉及資訊分析和接收方面,尤其當處於焦慮和面對不確定因素的情況下,難免有其局限,以致大多數人對模棱兩可或較為複雜的資訊產生抗拒,而傾向尋求和接受易於消化或明確的答案,對有關論據和事實則置諸不理。

「確認偏見」(confirmation bias)會導致個人尋求符合其當前信念的訊息,而所謂的理性邏輯分析,只會淪為對不符自己意見的論據加以過分嚴格的審查,甚至進一步尋求社會認同和對所屬群組的歸屬感。

在社會心理學上,素樸實在論(naive realism)自以為客觀地觀察周圍的世界,以一己看法為依歸,有別於我見者必屬無知、非理性或帶有偏見;這好比視與己不同的宗教信仰為迷信或異端邪說。

素樸實在論加深固執和偏見,令人產生確認偏見,傾向過度強調主觀現實,偏離常態或一般理性準則。確認偏見每多導致知覺扭曲,判斷失誤,而對事物作出不合邏輯的解釋(或泛稱為非理性)。這亦足以解釋為何不同社交群體對己方所接收的訊息如此執着,非要強加於他人不可,在政治上這更足以造成社會分化。

撥亂反正措施

2019年,推特終止了1000個賬號,臉書移除了7個專頁、3個群組和5個賬號。這些賬號同樣被指涉及散播虛假資訊,其中有專頁有近15000名粉絲,有群組則有2200名成員。推特表示,另外有多達20萬個賬號被用來誇大虛假消息,已採取預防性終止措施,以免這些賬號變成活躍賬戶。

放眼未來,虛假資訊顯然會繼續泛濫,在政治和社會上不斷造成分裂,在經濟上構成打擊和損失。利用人工智能科技和數據系統來製造虛假資訊,設計精準的龐氏騙局,令更多人墮入圈套,尤其是如上述缺乏批判性思考的一群。更甚者,虛假的政治資訊容易誤導及煽動不懂分析的普羅大眾,釀成集體暴動或騷動,影響社會安寧甚至全國穩定,一言以蔽之,通過可靠的正規或官方渠道接收資訊方為上策。

 

謝國生博士
香港大學經濟及工商管理學院金融學首席講師、新界鄉議局當然執行委員

(本文同時於二零二零年七月八日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

The Asian financial crisis and the HK dollar1 Jul 2020
The pandemic's impact on education quality and equality15 Jul 2020
Trending
The One Big Beautiful Bill Act: Yet Another  Policy Blunder
The One Big Beautiful Bill Act: Yet Another Policy Blunder
Dr. Y. F. LUK
Is America's 'One Big Beautiful Bill Act' a masterpiece or a misstep?According to Dr Y.F. Luk, Honorary Associate Professor at HKU Business School, this new policy comes at a steep price. He explained that while the 870-page bill makes tax cuts permanent, it pays for them by slashing vital medical and food subsidies.
9 Jul 2024
Faculty
Stablecoins: A Trust Anchor in the Sea of Digital Currency
Stablecoins: A Trust Anchor in the Sea of Digital Currency
Dr. Yifei ZHANG
In recent years, the global financial markets have been turbulent, with Bitcoin’s price fluctuations resembling a rollercoaster—attracting investors in pursuit of high returns. However, in this vast digital ocean, most enterprises and investors are not seeking adventure, but rather a safe haven for investment.
2 Jul 2025
Faculty
Dr-Maurice-Tse_2019
About Author
Prof. Maurice K.S. TSE

Associate Professor of Teaching

Tags
Information & Technology
Sign up for upcoming news and events
LinkedIn WeChat Instagram Facebook Weibo Twitter YouTube

©2025, HKU Business School. All Rights Reserved. | Privacy Policy | Web Accessibility Statement