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FT Chinese Column

Home Research Thought Leadership FT Chinese Column
Super 80/20 Rule: Knowledge Creation in the AI Era

Super 80/20 Rule: Knowledge Creation in the AI Era

24 Feb 2025
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超級80/20法則: AI時代下知識創作

AI浪潮席捲全球,衝擊著不同行業,連帶顛覆傳統的藝術創作。 筆者透過實驗,揭示科技進步能否提升作品質量,還是加劇兩極分化。

帕累托法則與知識創作

19世紀末,經濟學家維爾弗雷多·帕累托(Vilfredo Pareto)觀察到義大利80%的財富集中在20%的人手中。 這一現象後來被美國管理學者約瑟夫·朱蘭(Joseph Juran)進一步發展,推論出著名的“80/20法則”:80%的結果(輸出)往往歸於20%的投入(輸入)。

這一法則在知識工作中表現得尤為明顯。 對科研人員、藝術家等群體而言,前期的集中投入能確保成果達到基本水準。 若要追求卓越品質,最後那20%的提升往往需要投入80%以上的時間與精力。 比如,知名作家傑克·凱魯亞克(Jack Kerouac)僅用三周寫成《在路上》(On the Road)的初稿,但最終版本卻經過六年、六輪修改才得以完成【註1】。

知識工作者在時間投入和作品品質上享有較大自主權,惟他們需要在數量和質量之間做出權衡:是在少量作品上追求極致,還是降低標準換取高產量?

AI時代的品質與效率

在AI浪潮下,這種權衡越趨複雜。 為了探究AI如何影響創作過程和成果,我們邀請了200多位專業畫師參與實驗,讓他們分別用傳統方式和AI輔助方式各創作一幅作品。 實驗記錄了完整創作過程,並由專家每15分鐘評估一次作品品質。

研究發現,AI顯著重塑了創作流程。 在傳統創作中,畫師通常需要20到40分鐘構思,再用近2小時完成作品,需花上50%時間以達到80%的完成度。 而使用AI后,幾秒內就能生成初步畫面,在20%的時間內便達到80%的完成度。 換言之,AI實現了超級80/20法則,大幅縮短創作“及格作品”所需的時間。

兩極分化的出現

有趣的是,AI並未普遍提升作品品質,約三分之一的畫師作品品質反而下降。 這並非因為技術不足,而是基於理性選擇:對部分畫師而言,快速完成一幅“80分”作品更具性價比,投入更多的時間與精力可能得不償失。

這揭示了人機互動的複雜性:技術進步不等於品質提升。 創作者會權衡投入與回報,當提升成本過高時,可能選擇適可而止。 雖然作品品質略低,但節省的時間資源均具有更大價值。

研究還發現一個顯著趨勢:創作者要麼選擇用20%時間完成80分的作品,要麼投入額外80%精力多取20分,追求完美的作品。 很少有人願意在既無明顯效率優勢又不追求最高品質的情況下,去做“90分”的作品。 這種“中間空心”的兩極分化效應,源於AI強化的80/20法則與個人理性選擇的疊加。

更廣泛的影響

這種兩極分化效應可能延伸至更多領域。 例如,AI雖然能助人更快掌握基本技能,但或導致人力資本分佈的兩極化,進而加劇收入和財富差距。 這種趨勢值得警惕,因為相比兩極分化的社會,一個擁有強大中產階級的橄欖型社會結構更為理想。 由AI強化的80/20法則引發各種挑戰,該如何應對,實在需要社會各界共同思考。

本文作者為港大經管學院管理及商業策略、經濟學學術領域主任及教授李晉和港大經管學院管理及商業策略副教授貢潔。 文章基於兩位筆者和上海科技大學陳劼副教授、港大經管學院研究助理趙梓博共同撰寫的工作論文:“AI and Creative Process”。

註1:Newport, C. (2024) Slow Productivity: The Lost Art of Accomplishment Without Burnout Penguin Books Limited, 256 pages, ISBN 9780241652923.

 

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