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FT Chinese Column

Home Research Thought Leadership FT Chinese Column
Impact of the AI Industrial Revolution on Labor Market

Impact of the AI Industrial Revolution on Labor Market

16 May 2025
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AI工業革命衝擊勞動力市場

人工智能(AI)在近年來突飛猛進,尤其是深度學習和生成式AI模型的發展更是一日千里。這些技術在企業和個人層面得到了廣泛採用,並催生了一系列創新應用。深度學習技術在分類和預測方面的突破顯著提升了語音、圖像及人臉識別等基本AI任務的表現,從而推動了現實世界中的多種應用,如身份驗證、自動駕駛汽車、醫療診斷和供應鏈管理。同時,生成式AI令人們可以更容易創作文字、圖像和視頻等複雜內容。特別是OpenAI於2022年11月推出的ChatGPT,以及其他基於大型語言模型的聊天機器人,更是席捲全球。這些技術發展風起雲湧, 激發了全球政府、企業、學術界和公眾對AI的廣泛關注和濃厚興趣。

儘管AI為社會帶來了許多大有潛力的應用,卻也伴隨著不容小覷的挑戰。許多人擔心AI驅動的自動化將衝擊某些行業,令部分職位消失,甚至導致大規模失業。因此,企業和個人必須準備好適應AI的迅速發展。

AI具有潛力完全或部分自動化勞動市場中許多工作。據國際貨幣基金組織估計,AI可能影響全球約40%的就業,而在如香港等發達經濟體中,這一比例更可能達到60%。面臨高風險被AI影響甚至取代的職位包括數據輸入和行政工作、客戶服務、製造和裝配線、零售收銀、市場分析、圖像設計、翻譯和商業攝影。此外,車輛駕駛員及涉及內容創作的職業,如社交媒體營銷人員、計算機程序員和技術寫作員,也被認為特別容易受到影響。

過去二百多年, 科技革新曾多次翻天覆地地重塑勞動力市場。回顧歷次工業革命,此次人工智能革命有何同異之處?第一和第二次工業革命的核心在於機械的廣泛應用和電力技術的革新,這兩次革命徹底改變了生產方式。工廠和電力設備取代了傳統手工技藝,極大地提升了生產效率,導致許多依賴手工技能的工人失業。

到了上世紀末至本世紀初,電腦和互聯網的普及引領了數碼革命。在這一時期,個人電腦、智能手機和網絡技術迅速發展,信息傳遞變得即時且全球互通。互聯網改變了商業模式,催生了電子商務、社交媒體和共享平台等新興產業。數碼革命深刻地影響了人們的生活方式,從工作到娛樂,幾乎所有領域都經歷了數碼化轉型。除了傳統製造業工人外,電子商務的興起亦令不少零售業受到衝擊,電腦及電子文件普及亦影響了許多文書和行政人員的工作。

此前的數次工業革命主要影響低收入職業,而此次AI浪潮的獨特之處在於其對高技能、高收入工作的影響。樂觀來看,AI將顯著提高高收入工作者的生產力,令他們如虎添翼,讓他們能夠將時間投入到更具價值、只能由人類完成的工作。然而,悲觀來看,許多高收入專業人士可能面臨失業的風險。若無適當培訓,這些人可能比低收入工作者更難適應AI時代,因為AI可以更低成本取代他們曾經珍貴的技能。因此,高學歷人士必須積極學習如何使用和駕馭AI,猶如二十多年前學習電腦和互聯網,以掌握科技來提升自身價值。另一方面,低學歷者可以培養一些AI短期內難以取代的技能,例如長者和孩童照顧護理、美容理髮以及家居維修等, 同時亦要學習AI,與時俱進。

 

周昭瀧教授
港大經管學院 創新及資訊管理學教授

(本文同時于二零二五年五月十六日載于《FT中文網》「明德商論」專欄)

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About Author
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