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Thought Leadership

Home Research Thought Leadership

內地虎年春節:「就地過年」與「返鄉過年」一樣幸福

16 Feb 2022
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虎年春節前後,新冠疫情在内地多個城市再度爆發,「就地過年」也再次成為人們春節的選項。香港大學副教授賈軾、香港中文大學(深圳)教授賈建民、清華大學教授薛瀾和博士生袁韻等組成的研究團隊再次開展《春節幸福感與疫情應對行為》的全國性問卷調查。研究團隊於春節前、後通過內地的調研平臺Credamo對同一群體開展兩次調查,分別收集問卷3500份和3016份,樣本來自全國256個城市,年齡段以20-50歲有春節探親需要的群體為主,覆蓋各類社會群體與收入階層。

Crowded tourists in face mask in Shanghai

(Credit: istock.com/Robert Way)

調查報告顯示,虎年 「就地過年」與「返鄉探親過年」民眾的春節幸福感相同,其平均分值均為5.51,介於「比較開心」與「開心」之間(1為最低值,7為最高值);「比較開心」以上人群佔比為85.41%。並且,今年比去年的春節幸福感(5.28)有顯著提升。

虎年春節「就地過年」的人群佔比為76.06%,大大多於2021年的39.33%。在春節前的調查中,計劃「就地過年」的人群佔比僅有49.47%,如此可見春節期間各地收緊疫情防控措施減少了大約1/4原來有出行計劃的人群出行。

在有春節出行計劃的人群中,95.92%為探望父母和老人,18.14%為探望孩子和配偶,58.44%也為探望其他親朋好友。

Asian family enjoying dinner during Chinese New Year

(Credit: istock.com/prpicturesproduction)

調查分析顯示,春節假期增加了人們的聚會和娛樂活動,提升了生活滿意度,減少了負面情緒。特別是,在自己家或親友家聚會、探望父母和老人、去公共場所參加社交聚會、去看電影或演出、以及去餐館就餐等活動增加顯著。另外,去商場購物、戶外散步或鍛煉、在省內旅遊(主要是市內和周邊旅遊)等活動也有比較顯著的增加。

春節期間以上活動的增加有利於改善人們的心態健康,使得人們的感知壓力、感知煩惱和擔憂、以及孤獨感等負面情緒獲得了顯著減少,對生活的滿意度得到顯著增加。另外,北京冬奧會和傳統的春晚也對民眾的春節幸福感提升有顯著貢獻。

在春節假期中,除夕是氣氛最隆重的日子。89.09%的受調人群感到除夕比平時更加開心,從初一到初四這一比例分別下降為81.03%、62.93%、44.63%、32.69%,到初七這一比例已降低到11.67%。

新冠疫情仍然是影響人們春節幸福感和生活滿意度的主要因素。春節期間處於中、高風險地區民眾的春節幸福感(分別為4.89、4.88)要顯著低於低風險地區(5.54)。中高風險地區的群體面臨更多的感知壓力、煩惱和擔憂、以及孤獨感,對生活的滿意度也更低。

由於春節前遭受新冠疫情和隔離,西安受調者在春節前的幸福感最低(4.21),其次是天津(4.45)和深圳(4.76)。春節期間三個城市的幸福感都有較大提升(分別為5.13、5.13、4.87)。

調查顯示,春節假期降低了人們的感知風險(4.07),其水準顯著低於春節前的感知風險(4.39)。與2021年初的調查結果相比,民眾對感染新冠病毒的感知風險顯著提升,但感知威脅程度顯著減少。

地區疫情風險等級的劃分影響人們的感知風險水準。處於中、高風險地區民眾的風險感知水準(分別為5.14、5.35)極為顯著的高於低風險地區(4.00)。同樣,處於封控區、管控區、或防範區民眾的風險感知水準(分別為5.69、5.26、4.73)極為顯著的高於其它地區(3.87)。

春節期間人們的防護行為處於較高水準, 外出佩戴口罩、保持社交距離、清潔自己的平均分值分別為6.65、5.70、6.04,介於「比較多」與「非常多」之間;而外出餐館就餐、商場購物、社交聚會、去影院等日常活動的總體平均分值只有2.82,介於「很少」與「較少」之間。

調查顯示,大多數受調者(92.44%)都傾向於支援「動態清零」政策,但中高風險地區民眾對本地疫情防控政策和措施的滿意度總體偏低。為了疫情防控,91.64%的受調者願意提供個人隱私資訊。對於多個國家開始解除新冠防疫限制措施,有17.21%受調者持比較贊同的態度,但僅有3.02%受調者有意願今年春夏去國外旅行。總體看來,民眾對於内地現行的防疫政策和現實是支持和接受的。

調研團隊的學者表示,疫情下的虎年春節,「就地過年」與「返鄉探親過年」的群體都獲得了較高幸福感,體現了我國社會以及民眾生活和精神的良好狀態。並且,民眾在春節期間普遍保持了很高的疫情防護意識和行為,這為疫情防控和春運安全提供了良好的社會基礎。研究發現,地區疫情風險等級以及封控區、管控區、防範區的劃分會直接影響民眾的風險感知、應對行為、生活方式及幸福感。雖然大部分城市民眾虎年春節幸福感較高,但中、高風險地區的民眾幸福感和滿意度亟待提升。學者建議,在今後的疫情防控中需精准施策,以人為本,權衡好疫情風險與民眾福祉,最大限度減少對人們正常生活的影響,特別是疫情風險等級的劃分及相關管控措施需走向精細化,防止將局部區域的風險等級放大為整個城市的風險級別,做到分類管控、風險精算、局部隔離、廣泛檢測。另外,需要對現有防控政策和疫情控制的有效性以及給社會和經濟帶來的影響開展科學評估,總結國內外的防控經驗,發展一套適用於後疫情時期和新的國際環境下的防疫行動指南。

就地過年和返鄉探親過年人群間之比較

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