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U.S. monetary policy: 2025 Q2 review and outlook

U.S. monetary policy: 2025 Q2 review and outlook

16 Jul 2025
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2025年第二季美國貨幣政策回顧與展望

2022年初,高通脹為美國經濟當務之急。2025年第二季,雖然通脹已顯著回落,卻仍略高於美國聯邦儲備局(聯儲局)2% 的長期目標水平。美國聯邦公開市場委員會一直出台各項措施,旨在令通脹回落至2%長期目標水平,但美國政府近期的政策變動為經濟前景和貨幣政策的制訂增添不確定性。本文就2025年第二季美國經濟狀況與貨幣政策走向作扼要分析。

美國經濟近況

儘管美國通脹已從2022年高峰顯著回落,但仍在2% 的長期目標水平之上俳徊。聯儲局在6月表示,截至2025年5月的12個月內,個人消費支出物價指數上升2.3%;撇除食品及能源這兩個價格波幅較大的類別,核心個人消費支出物價指數增幅則達2.6%。

至於勞工市場的供求狀況則較為平衡,聯儲局在6月表示,失業率處於4.2%的低水平。今年美國首季本地生產總值按年輕微下跌,而剔除出口淨值、存貨和政府支出的私人國內最終購買則按年上升2.5%。

踏入2025年,美國經濟受到種種政策改動影響,在國際貿易一環尤其如此。特朗普總統在其第二任期伊始,出乎意料地針對幾乎所有美國進口貨品推出了一系列保護主義關稅。4月在特朗普公布「對等關稅」時,美國平均關稅率由2.5% 驟升至約27%,為百多年來的最高水平【註1】。隨着特朗普對各國的「對等關稅」設暫緩期作貿易談判,截至6月為止的平均實際關稅率為15.6%【註2及3】。

此關稅政策的變動在短期內主要有兩方面的影響,一是直接影響美國國內物價,二是因市場無法預判關稅政策的進一步走向而間接影響消費、投資等。美國經濟素來依賴進口低生產成本的貨品,以便國內消費者得以購買較(國內生產)為低價的物品。提高關稅使低價進口貨減少,直接推高物價水平。此外,美國對鋼、鋁等關鍵原料加徵關稅,更加重了供應行業的負擔,從而進一步增加成本壓力。聯儲局在6月表示,美國短期通脹預期指標均有所上升。在多項美國消費者、企業及專業預測機構的調查中,受訪者均視關稅為驅動通脹的因素。關稅以外,政策改動的不確定性也削弱美國國內以至國際社會對其經濟的信心。有以美國家庭及商戶為對象的調查發現,近月來市場氣氛下滑,反映出對政府政策的憂慮。

美國貨幣政策近況

自2022年起,為將通脹率回復至2% 的長期目標水平,聯儲局以逐次會議的步伐,將聯邦基金利率區間上調至2023年5.25% 至5.5% 的高位。隨着勞工市場緊絀程度有所放寬、經濟的供需關係改善,通脹壓力得以消減。因此,從2024年9月至同年底,聯儲局將聯邦基金利率區間下調至4.25% 至 4.5%,較高位回落1個百分點,同時繼續減持證券,縮減資產負債表(縮表)。

於2025 年間截至6月,聯儲局一直將聯邦基金利率維持在4.25% 至 4.5% 區間,並且未有示意會否進一步降息。另一方面,聯儲局從2025年4月開始減緩其證券持有量的下降速度,將每月美國國債的贖回上限從250億美元降至50億美元,另一方面維持每月機構債務和機構抵押貸款支持證券350億美元的贖回上限,以達至聯儲局以循序漸進的方式進行縮表,並以持有國債為主作為長期目標。

聯儲局已表明對於政府關乎貿易、移民、財政及其他監管政策的關注。聯儲局已考慮到政府政策的未來走向及其經濟影響均存有不確定性,承諾會密切關注後續發展。當前,該局仍在「靜觀其變」,未有貿然改變政策利率。

美國貨幣政策展望

目前,美國經濟保持穩健:勞工市場充分就業,私人國內最終購買韌性增長,經濟的供需缺口收窄。即使現時環境容許聯儲局考慮進一步減息,但美國政府近期的政策改動(尤其關稅政策)及全球局勢為經濟前景及貨幣政策制訂注入新的不確定性。

聯儲局致力在緩減通脹壓力、勞工市場低迷和經濟增長乏力的風險之間取得平衡。2025年通脹回落,但就業下行風險有所增加。如前所述,關稅政策將對物價產生上行壓力。同時,也需要考慮到美國移民管制收緊或會引致勞工市場惡化,從而令供應鏈緊張,以致通脹加劇。

除了國內發展之外,國際大事進一步複雜化市場反應預測和政策制訂。例如,6月13日伊朗-以色列衝突升級時,油價曾大幅上漲,但在6月25日停火後油價顯著回落。目前,全球原油市場充滿不確定性—難以預測的供需狀況、地緣政治風險、市場氣氛等因素都會影響油價。【註4】而油價波動對供應鏈的穩定構成風險,可能對美國通脹造成上行壓力。

筆者認為,無論上述哪一件事件,都有在短期內增加通脹壓力的風險。在此前提下,若倉促採取更加寬鬆的貨幣政策立場、降低利率,或會加劇通脹壓力。觀乎當前美國經濟表現穩健,並無迫切需要即時減息以刺激消費和投資,固此聯儲局採取「靜觀其變」的策略、暫緩調低政策利率、密切監察數據評估及回應,是理性的政策措施。

註1:Reddy, Sudeep (April 10, 2025). “Reality Check: What Trump’s Supposed Retreat Really Means in a Historic Trade War“. Politico.

註2:“State of U.S. Tariffs”. The Budget Lab at Yale. June 1, 2025.

註3:Irwin, Neil (June 5, 2025). “Trump’s incredibly volatile tariff landscape, in one chart”. Axios. Retrieved June 16, 2025.

註4﹕Neil Crosby (Jul 09, 2025), “Oil Markets Are Tighter Than They Look”.

何志培博士

港大經管學院經濟學講師

曹曦月博士

港大經管學院經濟學講師

(本文同時於二零二五年七月十六日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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