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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
Tug-of-War Between Fraud and Security in the Age of AI

Tug-of-War Between Fraud and Security in the Age of AI

25 Jun 2025
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AI騙案勢暴增  預防中伏靠AI

人工智能(AI)正迅速成為優化效率與推動創新的核心技術,廣泛應用於醫療、企業營運與公共安全等領域,但正如一枚錢幣的另一面,犯罪分子卻有機可乘。隨着 AI 技術日益成熟,犯罪組織更透過駭客攻擊、詐騙、偽造影片勒索,以及散播錯誤資訊,令人防不勝防。

AI 在金融方面的濫用尤為顯著。到 2027 年,預期生成式 AI 將使全球詐騙損失增加四倍。近10年來,金融與銀行業的數字化轉型加速,冠狀病毒病疫情更鞏固了數字銀行的主導地位。此一轉變無疑提升了服務效率與交易量,卻也被金融犯罪分子找到下手機會。2023 年,全球約有 3.1 兆美元的不法資金流經金融系統,其中包括人口販運、毒品交易和恐怖主義融資等活動。同年,銀行詐騙造成的損失估計共達 4856 億美元。

道高一尺  魔高一丈

美國財政部在 2024 年指出,現有金融風險管理架構可能無法涵蓋新興 AI 技術,顯示唯有以 AI 對抗 AI,才能建立有效的防禦機制。

今時今日,詐騙集團已捨人力操作而取生成式 AI 工具,釣魚郵件和深度偽造騙案的內容幾可亂真。去年多宗案件牽涉模仿公司高層,令員工將大額資金匯入假帳戶;可見生成式 AI 已成為詐騙者繞過傳統安全防線、操控信任的關鍵工具。從環聯​(TransUnion )的信貸報告可見,數字詐騙案件較疫情前暴增 80%,其中信用卡騙案上升 76%,而帳戶盜用(account takeover)的增幅更高達 81% 至 131%。

美國聯邦貿易委員會指出,2023 年詐騙損失突破 100 億美元,較2022年增加 10 億。根據納斯達克全球金融犯罪報告【註】,2023 年全球欺詐騙局和銀行騙案預計總損失超過 4850 億美元;20 至 29 歲年輕人的受騙率高於 70 歲以上長者,反映詐騙目標已不再限於高齡組別。

虛擬貨幣投資亦不乏「拉地毯」(rug pull)騙局,貨幣開發者關閉項目後即捲款潛逃,導致投資者血本無歸。有組織犯罪更朝全球化與專業化發展,催生出新興的犯罪商業模式,如「服務式犯罪」(crime as a service)。此外,國際刑警組織指出,部分受害者遭假工作廣告誘騙,更被販運至東南亞與南美等地的詐騙中心,結合科技與人身剝削,形成規模化、工業化的詐騙產業鏈。

生成智能  便於造假

隨着合成身份生成器與自動化加密貨幣帳戶開設工具等 AI 技術的出現,不僅大幅加快洗錢流程,甚至可能動搖整體金融體系,並助長跨國犯罪網絡擴張。洗錢如今已演變為一種商業化服務,按客戶付費等級來提供不同層次的操作方案。在分層洗錢階段,高端客戶可動用不常使用的帳戶,並透過分散的傀儡戶口(money mule)網絡進行小額、多宗交易,以規避監管。

金融機構面對龐大的資料量和多樣化的數據,往往難以即時辨識異常行為。相反,犯罪分子則藉這些資料設計出難以察覺的詐騙手法。由前期偵察、分析防禦系統弱點,以至優化詐騙模式,通過大型語言模型、影片生成工具,以至生物辨識技術,AI都廣被應用。這些合成內容可應用於洗錢、地契詐騙等犯罪場景。

顯而易見,透過模擬理財顧問的線上會議進行詐騙,將對金融服務構成重大衝擊。傳統防線如生物識別與第三方資料驗證,正面臨 AI 技術快速演進的嚴峻挑戰。

科技犯罪  無孔不入

無可諱言,生成式 AI 被濫用的情況日益嚴重,特別是在詐騙與網絡犯罪領域。2023 年 6 月,名為 WormGPT 的黑暗版 ChatGPT首次出現在暗網,具備執行多種非法任務的能力。FraudGPT則被揭露為一款專門用於搜尋系統漏洞、撰寫惡意程式碼和自動生成釣魚郵件的大型語言模型。自 ChatGPT-4 問世以來,BlackHatGPT等「越獄版」模型,以及所謂「服務式越獄」(jailbreaking as a service)平台相繼出現,進一步推動 AI 的惡意應用。

當前金融機構高度依賴行動裝置和流動銀行應用程式,以進行數字業務,效率與便利性得以躍升,然而資訊安全風險亦相應增高。從用戶身份驗證到一次性密碼,流程主要集中於單一裝置,一旦智能卡遭受病毒或惡意程式攻擊,或會癱瘓整體系統。不少研究已經指出,AI 作奸犯科的潛力近乎無限,從操控式攻擊、基礎設施破壞,到 AI 系統全面武器化,皆具高度風險。

隨着系統日益複雜,AI 在特定誘因和機器學習驅動下,甚至可能自主研發新型犯罪手法。乍聽有如科幻情節,實際上金融業界已出現 AI 系統因誘因設計不當,而採取不道德行為的案例,惟現行防禦架構尚未為此類風險作好準備。

周全應對  面面俱到

面對層出不窮的 AI犯罪手法,當局應從技術、政策、國際協作、教育四管齊下。

技術方面,AI 驅動的偵測系統是第一道防線。用於辨識深度偽造內容和金融異常交易的工具,已證實具實用性,應進一步整合至資訊安全架構中,以降低大規模攻擊風險。香港大學和香港警務處合作研發的虛擬資產追蹤系統CryptoTrace,利用創新科技,有效追蹤涉及案件的虛擬貨幣交易。2025年4月,此項目在日內瓦國際發明展榮獲評審團嘉許金獎。

政策方面,決策者應建立既能促進創新,又能防止濫用的監管環境。美國商品期貨交易委員會於 2024 年 5 月發布的《金融市場負責任人工智能》報告中強調,AI 雖廣泛應用於風險管理與預測分析,但也帶來深度偽造、網絡釣魚與演算法操控等風險,呼籲建立相應的 AI 風險管理框架。

國際合作方面:AI 犯罪具跨國特性,必須全球攜手應付。國際刑警組織與聯合國皆倡議統一 AI 使用規範,訂立倫理準則、懲罰機制,並強化各國執法力度。

教育方面:深化大眾對 AI 詐騙與誤導性資訊的辨識能力至關重要。香港警務處推出名為「防騙視伏器系列」的手機應用程式,有助市民實時偵測詐騙行為;本年4月更在日內瓦國際發明展贏得國際傳媒大獎及金獎。

攻也AI   守也AI

既然騙徒有AI之矛可用,各界亦不妨以AI之盾加以防禦。一方面,犯罪分子運用生成式模型製造仿真度高的假發票和合成帳戶,加速洗錢與詐騙流程。另一方面,AI 演算法能自動偵測偽造文件、比對異常交易模式,顯著提升風險識別與防範之效。如能善加利用,危中依然有機。

縱使目前尚未出現完全由 AI 主導的犯罪模式,但技術發展的趨勢已清楚顯示,務須馬上部署預防措施,以便防患未然。為此,公私營協作無疑是重中之重。執法機關、政府與企業應緊密合作,建立以 AI 為核心的安全防護體系。金融機構與企業可將風險管理結合資訊安全防護,內置於 AI 系統之中;政府則應透過政策引導與撥款支持,促進研發創新,並全力推動跨界別,以至跨國界的協同對策。

註:https://www.nasdaq.com/global-financial-crime-report

謝國生博士
港大經管學院金融學首席講師、新界鄉議局當然執行委員

何敏淙
香港大學附屬學院講師

(本文同時於二零二五年六月二十五日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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