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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
The Challenges and Potential of Banks Issuing Stablecoins

The Challenges and Potential of Banks Issuing Stablecoins

29 Jul 2026
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銀行發行穩定幣的挑戰與潛力

香港金融管理局以本地銀行體系為錨,本年4月發出首批穩定幣發行人牌照後,外界對銀行業參與穩定幣發行寄予厚望。合規銀行既可藉此提升支付與結算效率,也有望拓展跨境金融服務,並推動數字資產生態與實體經濟進一步連接。然而,在這些潛在好處被廣泛討論的同時,由此帶來的潛在挑戰與風險,卻相對缺乏系統性分析。

財經事務及庫務局局長許正宇上月回應立法會查詢,表示政府將對穩定幣發行方採取持續有效的監管,以確保金融穩定;並且指出,穩定幣的廣泛應用對傳統銀行體系的影響,現階段仍處於研究前沿。本文將結合最新研究,討論若穩定幣實現大規模發行,並成為經濟運行的重要組成部分,對銀行存款、流動性管理與銀行監管將造成何種影響。

穩定幣衝擊銀行負債與存款

要找出穩定幣對香港銀行系統的影響,不能簡單沿用以非銀行發行人為中心的分析框架。目前對所謂「金融脫媒」現象的關注,主要來自美國市場的制度,穩定幣多由非銀行機構發行,存款人將銀行存款轉為穩定幣時,會造成銀行體系的機械性存款外流。再者,銀行存款利率具有黏性,通常不及穩定幣相關產品所隱含或提供的收益,勢將加劇資金從銀行流向非銀行體系的壓力。

反觀香港,若穩定幣主要由銀行發行,這一邏輯就需重新考量。穩定幣仍是銀行發行人的負債,持有人之間的支付流轉,以及存款與穩定幣之間的轉換,未必改變銀行體系的總負債規模。事實上,若穩定幣能有效降低交易成本,其支付便利性更可能帶來相對於傳統存款的流動性溢價,並通過負債結構調整,降低銀行的整體融資成本。

銀行監管框架下的融資成本

不過,從個別銀行發行人的角度看,穩定幣發行仍可能透過既有監管框架,對融資成本產生實質影響;其中關鍵指標,在於危機後銀行監管改革的一大重要支柱——流動性覆蓋率(liquidity coverage ratio;簡稱LCR)。受 LCR 約束的銀行,須持足夠規模的高質量流動資產,以應對壓力情境下可能出現的現金流出,以致影響銀行資產負債表的配置,以及市場對銀行流動性風險的評估。筆者近期的研究顯示,銀行債權人會對較低的流動性風險給予定價獎勵,例如借款利率較低。換言之,流動性監管指標不僅是合規約束,還會透過市場定價渠道改變銀行的實際融資成本。因此,在評估銀行發行穩定幣的成本與收益時,LCR 是一個不可忽視的維度。

LCR 計算的核心,在於壓力情境下各類負債被快速提取或贖回的風險。銀行以高質量流動資產支持其所發行的穩定幣負債,基本前提繫於此類負債在壓力時期被贖回的速度。由於穩定幣具有加密資產屬性,若銀行無法識別最終持有人,現行監管框架往往要求採用較保守的流出率假設,從而降低銀行流動性覆蓋率,並推高資金成本。

若銀行能有效識別穩定幣持有人,相關負債或可獲較有利的監管處理,這點對香港尤其重要。《穩定幣條例》規定的客戶盡職審查與身份識別,有利於銀行發行人充分掌握持有人資訊。因此,銀行穩定幣負債不一定對其 LCR 造成顯著壓力,而其對銀行融資成本的負面影響或較有限。

歸根究柢,銀行發行穩定幣是否會推高融資成本,視乎此舉如何被納入銀行監管體系。持有人的身份能否識別、贖回行為可否預測,以及穩定幣負債在 LCR 中如何分類,將直接影響銀行所需配置的流動性資產規模,進而影響市場對銀行流動性風險的觀感與銀行的融資成本。

展望未來,銀行發行穩定幣對銀行體系的影響,可歸納為以下幾個值得持續觀察的範疇。

發行穩定幣的雙重張力

首先是銀行盈利能力上的結構性權衡。銀行發行穩定幣是一種商業行為,若能降低交易成本,並因支付便利而形成流動性溢價,就有望降低銀行負債端的融資成本。然而,此類收益須與資產端收益率下降的壓力一併評估。

穩定幣作為一種可隨時贖回的銀行負債,通常有賴高流動性、低風險資產支撐。隨着穩定幣在銀行負債中的比重上升,銀行資產端須同步增持國債等高質量流動資產,而非投放於收益率較高的企業貸款或零售貸款。因此,銀行發行穩定幣對盈利能力的影響,取決於融資成本的變化,以及資產端收益率的波動。穩定幣規模擴張或令銀行整體淨息差受壓,最終效果取決於負債成本與資產收益變化的相對幅度。

其次是穩定幣負債在不同應用場景下的流動性風險假設。正如上文分析,若銀行能夠識別穩定幣持有人,並合理評估其贖回行為,穩定幣未必會對 LCR 造成顯著壓力;但這一判斷並不適用於所有場景。要是穩定幣的用途從日常支付、企業結算,延伸至實體資產代幣化交易、鏈上金融產品,或其他價格波動較大的領域,難免改變其持有人結構與交易動機。

在這些場景中,穩定幣更可能被用作短期交易媒介,由此產生的贖回行為將更集中、更順周期,也更易受市場情緒驅動。因此,銀行流動性監管框架須動態評估各應用場景下的流出率假設,而非僅憑穩定幣作為銀行負債的形式本身, 便判定其流動性風險。

港元穩定幣的跨境定位

對港元穩定幣而言,其本地支付功能固然重要,但香港已擁有成熟的即時支付與即時總額結算基礎設施。港元穩定幣更大的潛力,應在於跨境交易、跨平台結算與數字資產生態中的互操作性。近期,美國主流穩定幣USDC 發行商 Circle 獲批設立受聯邦監管的全國性信託銀行,卻仍未取得結算體系中的首要入口——聯邦儲備局主賬戶。

相比之下,香港以銀行作為穩定幣發行主體,發行人本身已嵌入支付、結算與跨境銀行網絡,具備將港元穩定幣連接至全球金融場景的條件。若港元穩定幣能在不同司法管轄區、區塊鏈網絡與金融市場基建之間實現可靠連接,它便不單是另一種支付工具,更足以成為香港金融市場連接鏈上與鏈下、境內與境外,以及本幣資產與全球流動性的戰略性接口。

方翔教授
港大經管學院金融學助理教授

劉洋教授
港大經管學院金融學副教授

周皓南教授
港大經管學院金融學助理教授

(本文同時於二零二六年七月二十九日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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