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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
The Art of Pricing: How Companies Use Data to ‘Trick’ Consumers

The Art of Pricing: How Companies Use Data to ‘Trick’ Consumers

25 Jul 2025
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價格的藝術:企業是如何使用數據「套路」消費者的?

2023年,比利時報紙Dernière Heure 爆料指出,網約車平臺Uber會根據用戶手機電量的不同向不同的使用者收取不同的價格。 [1] 具體而言,對於相同的一段旅程,如果你的手機剩餘電量有84%,Uber的收取的價格是16.6歐元;而如果你的剩餘電量只有12%,你的價格將是17.56歐元。 定價背後的邏輯顯而易見:如果你的手機快沒電了,你大概率是「等不起」的,只能無奈接受Uber的高價。 這一爆料迅速引起了全球媒體和社會的關注,也引發了廣泛的抗議。 事發之後,Uber迅速否認指控,表示Uber並沒有使用電量數據進行定價,但消費者顯然並不買帳。 互聯網上,企業各種定價「套路」屢見不鮮,消費者也習以為常,但這些定價背後的邏輯到底是什麼呢? 它們又將如何影響消費者的利益?

首先,企業會收集消費者的各種背景信息數據,如地理位置 (通過GPS定位或IP地址識別),手機型號,操作系統等,藉此判斷消費者的消費能力,並向消費能力高的消費者收取更高的價格。 早在移動互聯網時代之前,美國線上旅行平臺 Orbitz 就被指控根據不同的操作系統向不同的使用者收取不同的價格,而Mac的使用者會比Windows使用者多付出大約30%的酒店價格。 [2] 這背後的邏輯不言自明:買得起蘋果電腦的使用者往往「不差錢」,平臺自然「當仁不讓」,向他們推薦更高端的選擇。 另一個類似的例子是,在線旅行平臺還根據使用者的地理位置向不同的使用者展示不同的價格。 在極端情況下,來自富裕的美國灣區用戶在預定曼哈頓酒店時,需要比來自相對不那麼富裕地區(如鳳凰城和堪薩斯城)使用者每晚多付出500美元。 [3]

此外,企業也會根據消費者的行為向不同的消費者收取不同的價格。 常見的「殺熟」就是基於消費者購買行為的一種定價模式:企業向老使用者收取較高的價格,而向新使用者收取較低的價格。 殺熟背後的邏輯是,老使用者之所以迫不及待早早購買產品,就是因為他們有較強的購買意願和支付能力,是企業的「粉絲」,因此向他們收取更高的價格也就在情理之中了。我們在預定酒店和機票時經常遇到的「越搜越貴」,也是一種基於搜索行為的定價模式。 它背後的邏輯是,消費者如果反覆搜索同一個航班,說明消費者可能沒有其他選擇,迫切需要搭乘這個航班。 一旦企業認識到這點,向反覆搜索的消費者漲價也就水到渠成了。

隨著新技術的出現,企業的「套路」只會越來越多,讓消費者更加「插翅難逃」。 例如,企業可以通過社交網路分析消費者:假如你的朋友都是上流社會的達官貴人,那麼你自己也差不到哪去。 即使你「隱藏」的再深,你的朋友圈也會出賣你。 人臉識別等新技術的出現,也讓你的數據無處可藏:即使你自己完全不使用手機電腦,企業照樣可以收集和使用你的資訊。 這時,就需要政府加強對數據的監管,保護消費者的隱私,讓企業必須有節制的,合理的使用數據。 歐盟的GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) 和中國的《個人信息保護法》等法案,就是數據時代保護消費者權益的有益嘗試。 然而,新技術,新套路層出不窮,這也要求立法者緊跟時代,不斷修改和完善數據治理,讓數據造福社會。

[1] https://www.brusselstimes.com/449143/uber-fares-allegedly-linked-to-phone-battery-levels

[2] https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304458604577488822667325882

[3] https://www.sfgate.com/travel/article/hotel-booking-sites-overcharge-bay-area-travelers-20025145.php

李曦教授
港大經管學院市場學教授、亞洲案例研究中心總監、數字經濟與創新研究所副總監

(本文同時于二零二五年七月二十五日載于《FT中文網》「明德商論」專欄)

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