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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

The Arrival of the Trump 2.0 Era

15 Jan 2025
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特朗普2.0啟幕

 

還有五天,便是特朗普2.0時代的正式開始。8年前,特朗普以半冷門姿態在大選中贏了希拉莉,在缺乏政壇經驗下登上總統寶座。就職典禮後,他還在着意於出席人數的多少。然而,這次他卻有備而來,當選後迅即組成內閣,並高調地提出一些將要推出的政策,如高關稅和擴張領土等。

他同時又接見多位外國領導人及大企業總裁,海湖莊園一時冠蓋雲集,重要人物絡繹不絕,一番未就任已指點江山的氣象,無視現任總統拜登。特朗普的得力助手馬斯克亦不甘後人,公然稱德國總理肖爾茨為蠢才,並公開支持極右的另類選擇黨。他又和一些政客盤算如何在英國下次大選前促使現任首相工黨的施紀賢下台,似乎在幫助特朗普成功競選後,愛上了造王者(kingmaker)的角色。這些出位的言行,預告了未來數年的國際風雲變幻。

特朗普2.0的政策目的仍然是「讓美國再次偉大」(Make America Great Again, MAGA),做法是「美國優先」(America First),政策範圍則包羅甚廣。美國甚為保守的智庫傳統基金會(Heritage Foundation)在2023年出版了「2025計劃」(Project 2025)報告,詳細列出不同範疇的政策執行方向。這份長達900頁的報告,有100多個保守主義機構和一些前特朗普政府的官員參與,雖然特朗普口口聲聲說報告和他無關,但可說代表了保守派主流思想。2016年特朗普競選總統時傳統基金會也有類似報告,並認為特朗普首兩年任期內已跟隨該報告的64%建議。

在經濟領域上,特朗普2.0比較確實的政策範圍包括減稅、減少貿易逆差和減少進入美國的移民。特朗普於2017年成功在國會通過「減稅及職位法案」(Tax Cuts and Jobs Act),但其中多項條款只是臨時的,將於本年底失效。若沒有進一步的立法行動,稅率便會在年底回升至之前的水平。

特朗普一方面希望有關的低稅率可以持續,另方面亦想進一步減稅。上述的「2025計劃」的建議是將現有稅率推倒重來,新的個人所得稅分15%和30%兩種,企業所得稅則減至18%。有批評指出,這會增加低收入人士和減少高收入人士的稅務負擔,增加了稅後收入分配的不均。由於共和黨掌控了參眾兩院的多數,成功減稅的機會比較大,會為美國經濟帶來正面的刺激作用,同時也會提高美國企業的競爭力。

 

大削政府開支勢添民怨

 

另一方面,特朗普2.0亦計劃削減聯邦政府的財政開支,提高政府部門的效率。馬斯克曾經稍為隨意地提到,會減少政府開支2萬億元(美元下同),但這難以實現。在去年9月結束的財政年度,美國政府開支為6.75萬億元,2萬億元即佔總開支的30%。再看看開支中必須支付的,包括社會保障、醫療和國債利息,已達4.13億萬億元。餘下的再減2萬億便只有0.62萬億,連該年度的國防開支也不足,更無經費用於教育、基礎建設、退伍軍人福利等多個社會民生項目。當然,若要節省2萬億,肯定會影響政府運作和引發民怨。

特朗普2.0的減稅規模和幅度有多大仍未清楚,但無論如何,都會進一步增加美國國債。即使包括多次提及的對外國產品增加徵收關稅所得的財政收入,亦難以抵消削減所得稅的財赤效果。基於美元的「囂張的特權」(exorbitant privileges),美國政府已習慣了對財赤和國債的持續上升視若無睹,只要去美元化還未認真地打擊到美元在國際金融體系中的核心地位,美國兩黨仍會繼續透支未來。

特朗普及其顧問團隊常認為進口是給外國賺自己的錢,美國的貿易逆差是外國找美國的便宜。要減少貿易逆差,一是徵收關稅,另一是從匯率入手,迫使外國貨幣升值,兩者都會增加美國消費者購買外國產品的美元價格,減少他們的進口。但關稅可以選擇性地加於某些特定商品,因而也是制裁外國或保護本地產業的手段。

特朗普早前曾揚言要對中國產品加徵60%關稅和全球其他國家產品10%甚至20%的關稅,其後又以25%關稅威脅加拿大和墨西哥,要它們限制芬太尼和非法移民進入美國,最近又說以100%關稅對付那些要去美元化的金磚國家。要控制巴拿馬運河和格陵蘭島,也用關稅威脅巴拿馬和丹麥。

對眾多外地徵收大幅關稅,無異於減少外貿,趨向孤立主義,同時外國亦會還以顏色。全球分工已落實到零部件的層面,特朗普的多方面關稅容易誤中副車,亦會如迴力鏢般害人害己。到頭來美國的貿易或會趨向平衡,但那只是貿易收縮下的平衡,貿易帶來的增值皆付諸東流。首當其衝的美國企業或會進行多方面的游說,或以各種理由爭取豁免貿易限制,甚至因為競爭力不足而退出市場。估計美國會在特朗普2.0開始時對一些國家選擇性地加徵關稅,但稅率不會如傳聞般高。

在目前的環境下,美國難以迫使外國貨幣升值。一來面對美國的高關稅,正是需要讓貨幣貶值來抵消關稅,將貨幣升值就如送羊入虎口。二來目前全球眾多經濟體都處於增長疲弱情況,貨幣升值是倒行逆施。這情況和1985年的廣場協議時不同,當時的日本經濟如日中天,每每威脅着美國的領先地位,有條件讓日圓升值。當然,日本央行隨後的誤判和無效的政策,導致經濟呆滯多年,但那是後話。

 

加徵關稅將推高美國物價

 

反過來說,美國是否可以單方面讓美元貶值來促進出口?首先,直接影響美元匯價的是聯儲局的貨幣政策。在現有制度下,聯儲局毋須聽命於白宮。此外,美國的貨幣政策目標是2%的通脹率和最高就業的雙重使命,沒有匯率目標的考慮。換句話說,聯儲局實施貨幣政策,一貫以來都不是要調控美元匯率。若特朗普硬要更改貨幣制度的安排,自然會給美元及美元資產市場添上濃厚的不確定性和不透明性,美元亦會自然貶值,但此舉破壞性很大。

過去幾個月美國的通脹率似乎有很大黏性,雖然通脹率不很高,但遲遲未接近2%的目標,聯儲局減息的步伐也慢下來,似乎短期內改變不大,特別是特朗普2.0若真的加徵關稅,也會推高美國物價。

以特朗普唯我獨尊的性格,大概無論美國經濟如何如他所願,亦不會是他心目中的MAGA,因為世界上有一個足以與美國抗衡的中國,這也是他在2018年開始啟動貿易戰打擊中國的原因。然而美國並沒有贏得貿易戰,甚至在不同準則下都敗下陣來。隨後拜登政府對中國的多方面打壓都不成功。

如今特朗普再度上台,為了增加勝算,便巧取豪奪地增加美國的資源。主要是土地,和隨之而來的物資和戰略位置,於是有了特朗普2.0的啟幕,國際政治一下子回到二戰前的亂局。也許戰後的80年是歷史的偏差,規則制定者最終也是規則破壞者。

一個被法庭定罪的重犯(convicted felon),曾經在4年前挑動政變、兩次被國會彈劾、謊話連篇的政客,可以第二度登上全球最高權力的位置,應該是超乎政治學倫理和想像的異數,但特朗普2.0並非個人現象,在他後面有7700多萬投票給他的美國選民,以及眾多攀附的政客、資本家和科技巨頭。歷史不會終結。

 

陸炎輝博士
港大經管學院榮譽副教授

 

(本文同時於二零二五年一月十五日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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