HKUBS_Standard_Coloured_Shield_Blue_Text_Logo - 380
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
  • 繁
  • 简
Type To Search
HKUBS_Standard_Coloured_Shield_Blue_Text_Logo - 380
Type To Search
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
HKUBS_Standard_Coloured_Shield_Blue_Text_Logo - 380
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
    • Overview
      • Message from the Dean
      • Vision & Mission
      • Milestones
      • Partnerships & Global Network
      • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
      • Rankings & Accreditations
      • Corporate Collaboration
    • Leadership
      • Faculty Management
      • International Advisory Council
    • Our Stories
    • Contact Us
    • Staff Portal
    • Campuses
  • Programmes
    • Undergraduate
    • Masters
      • MAA
      • MAcct
      • MCGRM
      • MEcon
      • MFWM
      • MFin
      • MFFinTech
      • MGM
      • MSAF
      • MSc(BA)
      • MScMktg
      • MWM
    • MBAs & EMBAs
      • MBA
      • IMBA
      • HKU EMBA
    • DBA
    • PhD
    • Executive Education
  • People
    • Faculty
    • Post-Doctoral Fellows
    • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
    • Research Postgraduate Students
    • Administration
  • Research
    • Thought Leadership
      • Latest Research Publications
      • HKEJ Column
      • FT Chinese Column
      • In the Media
    • Academic Areas
    • Faculty Members
    • Research Grants
    • Seminars & Conferences
      • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
    • Research Centres & Institutes
    • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
    • HKU Knowledge Exchange
    • HKU Scholars Hub
    • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
    • School News
    • In the Media
    • Press Release
  • Career
    • Recruit our Talents
    • Student Career Development
    • Career Opportunities
      • Faculty Recruitments
      • HKU Career Site

In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

The ABCs of International Trade Disputes

21 Mar 2018
Share on TwitterShare on FacebookShare on WhatsappShare on LinkedInShare on Email

國際貿易糾紛ABC  

問:美國總統特朗普已經宣布對進口鋼和鋁徵收關稅,最近還有消息稱他將對中國的電子和高科技商品實施貿易限制。由於後者專門針對中國,因此更加令人擔憂。美國對來自中國的貿易和投資到底有什麼不滿?

答:美國對此的不滿情緒很普遍,被提及的原因有幾個:一、美國的貿易逆差主要可歸因於對華貿易逆差,美國對此並不滿意;二、入口貨打擊當地企業,打擊就業,但具有諷刺意味的是,從中國進口的鋼和鋁僅佔美國這兩種商品進口額的一小部分;三、兩國對外商投資的不對等限制,中國規定外國公司必須先與中國合作夥伴成立合資企業,才可在中國成立公司,而美國對中國公司在當地投資則沒有類似的限制;四、由於以上原因,以及通過各種方式方法,中國據稱從而取得可能威脅美國國家安全的高科技知識。這些是美國媒體、專家和政府官員提到的指控,然而,每個因素究竟有多重要,則不容易弄清楚。

世貿如何維護自由貿易

問:你提到貿易進口正在摧毀美國的就業機會,但經濟理論的其中一個基本結論是自由貿易對兩國都有好處,兩者不是互相矛盾嗎?

答:自由貿易給一個國家的多數人帶來好處,同時對某些人帶來不利影響,這兩者並不矛盾。失業工人需要時間找到新工作,他們很可能需要學習新技能,並最終獲得較低的工資。高度依賴這些行業的城市甚至整個社區都受到影響。理論上,該國整體得到的好處足以補償後者的損失,但執行上是有困難的。

問:貿易打擊就業是否是施加貿易限制的正當理由?世貿組織(WTO)允許成員國這樣做嗎?

答:答案是肯定的。世貿組織允許成員國在貿易進口對其國內企業造成嚴重損害時,採取臨時限制貿易的措施。當然,中國商品是否對美國造成嚴重損害,這是事實和判斷的問題,情緒和游說活動亦可能導致偏頗的決定。此外,世貿組織亦允許各成員國對傾銷和提供過度出口補貼這些不公平貿易行為實施貿易限制。在這種情況下,該入口國甚至不需要證明遭到嚴重的損失。

問:中國是否必須在世貿組織框架內解決與美國的貿易衝突?還是中國可以自行報復?世貿組織如何維護自由貿易?

答:世貿組織設有一個爭端解決機制,處理成員國之間的貿易糾紛。注意這有時是一個頗為漫長的過程。在整個過程中,雙方可以協商解決差異,不然的話,若爭端解決機制最後判定投訴合理,而被告國仍然不糾正錯誤,則投訴國毋須繼續給予其會員國的待遇。換句話說,對被告國貿易的任何限制都不會被視為違反世貿組織的規則。當然,中國可以在沒有世貿組織參與的情況下進行報復,或一邊報復一邊配合向世貿組織的投訴。

問:世貿組織的作用似乎非常有限,它有什麼存在價值呢?

答:儘管世貿組織的作用有限,但在促進更自由的貿易方面仍然有其價值。通過其最惠國條款,一個成員國向另一個成員國作出的讓步會自動提供給其他成員國。這讓貿易談判更有效地進行,因此更容易擴大自由貿易。

問:我對這個最惠國條款有疑問。現在很時髦的區域貿易協定,在於允許更自由的貿易協議,而非把協議延伸到其他世貿組織成員。

答:是的,世貿組織成員國在參與區域自由貿易協定中所給予的自由貿易讓步,並不需要擴大到世貿組織其他成員國。我們可以把這種區域協議看作是那些國家之間的政治一體化。

中國的潛在損失有多大

想像一下,當中國大陸和台灣重新統一時,兩者之間取消貿易壁壘是自然不過的事情,而毋須因此把同等權利給予世貿組織其他成員國。最惠國待遇條款在其他一些特定情況也不適用。一個和我們相關的例子是中美貿易。作為加入世貿組織的一個條件,當時中國向美國做出讓步了,讓它有權設立專門針對中國商品的保護措施,而最惠國待遇條款則要求同等關稅必須應用於所有成員國家。

問:世貿組織近年的談判似乎停滯不前。我的印象是世貿組織代表了較富裕國家的利益。

答:在二戰結束後簽署的關稅貿易總協定(世貿組織的前身)每輪談判都有特定的主題。這樣一輪一輪的談下來,發達國家有出口利益的貨物所受到的貿易壁壘逐漸減少,但發展中國家集中出口的貨物所受到的貿易壁壘卻沒有減少。這種變化確實對後者不利,儘管並沒有違反最惠國原則(因關稅是針對產品,而非針對產地來源國的)。因此,你所描述的是正確的。但是,我認為這更多是發達國家缺乏遠見和魄力的結果,而不是存心欺騙。

問:回到即將發生的由美國引發的貿易戰。中國的潛在損失有多大?

答:這個數字還沒有確定。我們應該注意到另一個問題,即是如何解讀貿易數據。假設在中國組裝的iPhone出口到美國,每個入口價值紀錄為500美元。中國製造商所創造的價值實際上只是一小部分,例如只有5美元,而500美元的大部分是來自日本和南韓的零部件,即貿易數據誇大了中國製造商從出口獲得的收益。因此,貿易制裁可能對中國產生的負面影響將低於貿易數據所顯示的。

問:有人說,特朗普總統商人出身,貿易保護只是他用來談判的一種手段,是不會發生的,我們不要害怕。

答:即使是商業談判,威脅只有在它真有可能實現的情況下才有用。因此,最終不會造成嚴重損害,並不意味問題解決之前不會造成很大的困擾。如果不滿的源頭是因進口造成的失業,衝突是很容易處理的。如果它是來自大國之間的爭霸,那麼事情就複雜得多了。

 

趙耀華 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院副教授

(本文同時於二零一八年三月廿一日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

A Discussion on the “New Philosophy” in the Fiscal Policy14 Mar 2018
Hong Kong’s errant domestic helper agencies are everywhere and unafraid of the law24 Mar 2018
Trending
Implement Industrial Metrics to Observe Trends in Industry Development
Implement Industrial Metrics to Observe Trends in Industry Development
Prof. Heiwai TANG
Prof. Heiwai Tang, Associate Dean of the HKU Business School and Director of the Asia Global Institute, has highlighted the need for Hong Kong to diversify its economy beyond its current narrow structure. To drive sustainable growth, he calls for the development of "new industries" and introduces a groundbreaking method to assess their economic contributions. This innovative approach enables the government to track industrial trends, design targeted policies, and measure their effectiveness with precision. Applying this method, Prof. Tang’s research uncovers the substantial potential of new industries to expand Hong Kong’s GDP. Fueled by rapid advancements in innovation and technology, sectors like "research, design, testing, and environmental engineering" saw their value added soar from HK$3.3 billion to HK$13.3 billion between 2000 and 2023. Similarly, "computer programming, data, and industrial internet services" has surged from HK$5 billion to HK$25.5 billion in the same period. Beyond these emerging sectors, Prof. Tang underscores Hong Kong’s pivotal role in the global supply chain. He notes that productive services, ranging from logistics to legal services, are essential in supporting not only local industries but also worldwide supply networks, making them a vital component of Hong Kong’s economic future.
22 May 2025
Faculty

HK01 (Chinese Only)
The Trade War and Macroeconomic Identities
The Trade War and Macroeconomic Identities
Dr. Y. F. LUK
Earlier, the U.S. and China engaged in tariff talks in Geneva and unexpectedly reached a consensus for a truce, temporarily lowering tariff rates to levels prior to the so-called "Liberation Day" in the U.S. However, the global situation remains difficult to restore to its previous state. U.S. President Trump has been employing so-called negotiation tactics, fluctuating offers between high and low, and using both genuine and deceptive strategies to create negotiation space for his side. Yet, due to a lack of confidence and logical inconsistencies, the trade war resembles a poorly executed circus act, pushing the global economic policy uncertainty index to a historic high.
21 May 2025
Faculty
Dr_Stepten_Chiu_web
About Author
Dr. Stephen Y CHIU

Honorary Associate Professor

Sign up for upcoming news and events
LinkedIn WeChat Instagram Facebook Weibo Twitter YouTube

©2025, HKU Business School. All Rights Reserved. | Privacy Policy | Web Accessibility Statement