HKUBS_Standard_Coloured_Shield_Blue_Text_Logo - 380
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
  • 繁
  • 简
Type To Search
HKUBS_Standard_Coloured_Shield_Blue_Text_Logo - 380
Type To Search
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
HKUBS_Standard_Coloured_Shield_Blue_Text_Logo - 380
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
    • Overview
      • Message from the Dean
      • Vision & Mission
      • Milestones
      • Partnerships & Global Network
      • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
      • Rankings & Accreditations
      • Corporate Collaboration
    • Leadership
      • Faculty Management
      • International Advisory Council
    • Our Stories
    • Contact Us
    • Staff Portal
    • Campuses
  • Programmes
    • Undergraduate
    • Masters
      • MAA
      • MAcct
      • MCGRM
      • MEcon
      • MFWM
      • MFin
      • MFFinTech
      • MGM
      • MSAF
      • MSc(BA)
      • MScMktg
      • MWM
    • MBAs & EMBAs
      • MBA
      • IMBA
      • HKU EMBA
    • DBA
    • PhD
    • Executive Education
  • People
    • Faculty
    • Post-Doctoral Fellows
    • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
    • Research Postgraduate Students
    • Administration
  • Research
    • Thought Leadership
      • Latest Research Publications
      • HKEJ Column
      • FT Chinese Column
      • In the Media
    • Academic Areas
    • Faculty Members
    • Research Grants
    • Seminars & Conferences
      • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
    • Research Centres & Institutes
    • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
    • HKU Knowledge Exchange
    • HKU Scholars Hub
    • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
    • School News
    • In the Media
    • Press Release
  • Career
    • Recruit our Talents
    • Student Career Development
    • Career Opportunities
      • Faculty Recruitments
      • HKU Career Site

In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

Relieving Two Bottlenecks in Organ Donations

14 Feb 2018
Share on TwitterShare on FacebookShare on WhatsappShare on LinkedInShare on Email

紓解器官捐贈的兩個樽頸

器官移植求過於供。衞生署資料顯示【表1】,截至2016年12月31日,腎臟捐贈的等候人數高達2047人;基於歷年腎臟捐贈的數字,當中大約只有80人成功得到捐贈。

表1:人體器官/組織捐贈用作移植宗數及等候人數 (2011–2016)表1
資料來源:醫院管理局

2016年4月27日 立法會會議上,時任食物及衞生局局長高永文以書面回覆郭家麒議員,就輪候器官移植期間病人死亡統計數字的提問(【表2】)。

表2:輪候器官移植期間死亡的人數(2011–2015)
表2

「預設默許」有待討論

【表2】只列出等候肝臟、心臟和肺移植病人的死亡數字,原因是病人是否因缺乏器官移植而離世,須視乎所需的器官、是否有其他方法治療,問題複雜且具爭議性,例如腎衰竭病人可透過腎臟透析治療延續生命,而缺乏眼角膜、皮膚及骨骼等組織作移植,並不會直接導致病人死亡。

如果能提供適當器官,替輪候病人進行移植,除了可以延長病人壽命,改善病人及照顧者的生活素質,還可以釋放醫療資源以供其他病人使用,可謂一舉多得。

問題是,器官供不應求。在類似香港的自由經濟體系,要解決器官供求問題,自願捐贈是必要條件。在全靠自願的前提下,器官市場原本是最直接的解決途徑。理論上,價格會順其自然,調節到供求平衡為止(供過於求,價格自會下降;求過於供,價格自會上調)。

伊朗便是依靠一個類似市場安排,基本上已解決活腎供應的難題。為什麼伊朗能夠成功,其他自由經濟體系卻沒有採用類似方案呢?其中恐怕牽涉種種的文化、道德、公平性、政治等方面的考慮因素。

除了器官市場,平衡供求便要靠捐贈了。活體器官捐贈是有的,但器官捐贈不但對捐贈者沒有物質回報,更有可能對活體捐贈者的身心健康造成長遠而負面影響,活體器官捐贈自然少得可憐。基本上,活體器官捐贈主要都是來自親人(當然也有零星的例外個案)。

此外,最可靠的就只有死人器官捐贈一途。在這方面,政府可算不遺餘力。直至2018年1月底,登記器官捐贈人數升至28萬,比去年同期增加約一成半。當局認為,器官捐贈名冊上登記人數只有近30萬並未足夠,未來還要繼續推廣器官捐贈的訊息,甚至考慮立法。為了提高捐贈率,當局曾認真考慮把現在的「自願捐贈」(opt-in)制度改為 「預設默許」(opt-out)。「自願捐贈」等於預設「不同意捐贈」的意願,就是若然沒有得到個人明確的同意,便不能在人死後摘取其器官進行移植。「預設默許」則反其道而行,預設「同意捐贈」的意願,若個人沒有提出反對,則可推定已同意死後捐出器官。

近年新興的行為經濟學(Behavioral Economics)便提出人做選擇時普遍有惰性,除非對預設選項(default option)很不滿意,否則一般人都會接受預設選項。是以理論上,「預設默許」有助增加器官捐贈的數量,可是,要作出這一改動必先立法。換句話說,須有民意基礎支持。

限制家屬否決權難

2017年政府統計處就器官捐贈此一議題進行調查(《主題性住戶統計調查第63號報告書》),結果發現有33.8%受訪市民支持「預設默許」,不支持的則佔35.9%,「預設默許」立法短期內看來機會渺茫。

實際上,就算同意捐出器官者人數增加,最終是否捐贈成功,還要視乎死者遺屬的意願。不少器官往往因為家人反對,未能成功捐出。統計處對此議題也進行了調查,結果顯示43.6%受訪者認為「家人在器官捐贈者離世後不可以否決已登記捐贈者生前的意願」,38.1%認為器官捐贈者的意願可以被否決,而18.3%並沒有意見。看來尊重器官捐贈者遺願稍有民意基礎,但支持度仍略嫌不足,要立法限制家屬的否決權也不容易。

在這個大前提下,我認為對症下藥之道,是給捐贈器官者及其親屬「輕推」或「誘導」。我建議政府給願意死後捐贈器官者及其直系親屬他日可獲器官捐贈的優先權。優先權是對願意死後捐贈器官者及其直系親屬的一種保障,其中不牽涉金錢誘因,可免一如器官市場所引起的道德爭議。

基於現行機制,有關優先權將由醫管局決定,調整優先權並不涉及立法程序,理應較易實施。我建議是在現有的器官輪候名冊的計分制度中,為器官捐贈者及其直系親屬額外加分,以調整計分方式,達致誘導捐贈器官的效果。

以優先權誘導捐贈

給登記捐贈者及其直系親屬優先權這種做法,在其他地區已有先例。2010年起,以色列所有登記器官捐贈的民眾,日後若需接受器官移植,可獲優先權,親屬也可受惠。台灣在2014年也訂定,曾經捐出器官助人者的親屬,若符合相關條件,將可優先獲得移植所需器官(《人體器官移植分配及管理辦法》)。

兩個樽頸造成器官捐贈的極度供不應求:同意死後捐出器官者人數和死者遺屬的意願。調整優先權可一舉紓解這兩個樽頸,既有效,亦可行。優先權將誘導更多人登記死後捐贈器官,也誘導更多遺屬同意。至於如何釐定優先權,我希望醫管局能早日訂立一套較透明的準則。至於加多少分、如何管理等等,就要另外找專家研究提案了。

王家富 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院首席講師

(本文同時於二零一八年二月十四日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)​

South Korean Regulators Need to Learn to Love Cryptocurrencies13 Feb 2018
全方位增地 助年輕人置業15 Feb 2018
Trending
Implement Industrial Metrics to Observe Trends in Industry Development
Implement Industrial Metrics to Observe Trends in Industry Development
Prof. Heiwai TANG
Prof. Heiwai Tang, Associate Dean of the HKU Business School and Director of the Asia Global Institute, has highlighted the need for Hong Kong to diversify its economy beyond its current narrow structure. To drive sustainable growth, he calls for the development of "new industries" and introduces a groundbreaking method to assess their economic contributions. This innovative approach enables the government to track industrial trends, design targeted policies, and measure their effectiveness with precision. Applying this method, Prof. Tang’s research uncovers the substantial potential of new industries to expand Hong Kong’s GDP. Fueled by rapid advancements in innovation and technology, sectors like "research, design, testing, and environmental engineering" saw their value added soar from HK$3.3 billion to HK$13.3 billion between 2000 and 2023. Similarly, "computer programming, data, and industrial internet services" has surged from HK$5 billion to HK$25.5 billion in the same period. Beyond these emerging sectors, Prof. Tang underscores Hong Kong’s pivotal role in the global supply chain. He notes that productive services, ranging from logistics to legal services, are essential in supporting not only local industries but also worldwide supply networks, making them a vital component of Hong Kong’s economic future.
22 May 2025
Faculty

HK01 (Chinese Only)
The Trade War and Macroeconomic Identities
The Trade War and Macroeconomic Identities
Dr. Y. F. LUK
Earlier, the U.S. and China engaged in tariff talks in Geneva and unexpectedly reached a consensus for a truce, temporarily lowering tariff rates to levels prior to the so-called "Liberation Day" in the U.S. However, the global situation remains difficult to restore to its previous state. U.S. President Trump has been employing so-called negotiation tactics, fluctuating offers between high and low, and using both genuine and deceptive strategies to create negotiation space for his side. Yet, due to a lack of confidence and logical inconsistencies, the trade war resembles a poorly executed circus act, pushing the global economic policy uncertainty index to a historic high.
21 May 2025
Faculty
Ka-fu Wong
About Author
Dr. Ka-fu WONG

Principal Lecturer

Sign up for upcoming news and events
LinkedIn WeChat Instagram Facebook Weibo Twitter YouTube

©2025, HKU Business School. All Rights Reserved. | Privacy Policy | Web Accessibility Statement