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Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

Reduce transaction costs of opening up school facilities

3 Jan 2018
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開放校舍 共享體育設施

香港公共體育設施不足,是鐵一般的事實。每當繁忙時段,各大康樂及文化事務署管轄的體育館主場的使用率幾近100%。以中西區為例,區內五大體育館於繁忙時段的使用率均達到95%以上。

康樂及文化事務署管轄的中西區體育館主場使用率 (2017年9月)
 啟用年份繁忙時段 (%)非繁忙時段 (%)合計 (%)
香港公園體育館1991998391
士美非路體育館1996997789
石塘咀體育館1991997186
上環體育館1989988592
中山紀念公園體育館1995987185
* 資料來源:中西區區議會議討論文件

人口增加和近年政府大力推廣體育運動,都為體育設施增添需求,可是體育設施的供應遠遠落後。

有地只會蓋樓房

要增添體育館,談何容易!哪來土地?縱使今天在中西區找到一塊可以適合興建體育館的土地,我估計極可能不會、也不應用來蓋體育館——用來蓋體育館,就是放棄蓋樓房、放棄蓋商業大樓。看看香港的高昂樓房價格,我們便知道蓋體育館的「機會成本」(opportunity cost)有多高。如果有地,當然可以考慮蓋低層為體育館、高層為住房的混合大樓,那是後話。

既然缺地蓋體育館,能用其他途徑增加體育設施嗎?我認為可以在同類資源的需求和供應「時間差」入手。沒錯,這就是共享的概念。

體育館的繁忙時段一般為周六、周日及公眾假期;同樣有體育設施,而且各區都有不少的,就是學校。

以中西區為例,區內有16所官立╱津貼小學、9所官立╱津貼中學,學校正好在周六、周日及公眾假期閒置。想像區內有5間學校於周六、周日及公眾假期提供禮堂予公眾作羽毛球場使用,以一個禮堂能提供兩個羽毛球場計,5個禮堂便有相當於10個羽毛球場,區內便像多了一個體育館的主場(主場一般有8個羽毛球場),那可大大紓緩區內羽毛球場短缺的情況。

這種共享學校體育設施的構想,早已有人提出,並非新鮮事。2015年立法會民政事務委員會討論本地體育政策的最新概況時,曾討論開放學校予公眾作「體育設施」使用。

開放校舍增額外成本

當時的教育局首席教育主任李沙崙回應時指出,說服學校開放校舍有困難。我認為李主任說的是實話,也是重點。我們明白,開放校舍牽涉保安和監管問題,對學校管理會帶來額外成本,難怪校長口頭表示歡迎開放校舍的多,實際開放的少。明顯不過,要學校開放校舍,必須從減低成本、提高誘因着手。

2016年,馬逢國議員循立法會向政府提問:「教育局會否提供經濟誘因(例如提高津貼學校分攤外借運動場地及設施所獲租金收入的比例,以及容許官立學校分攤該等收入),以鼓勵更多學校外借場地及設施?」

節錄時任署理教育局局長楊潤雄的書面答覆如下:

「政府一向鼓勵學校盡量開放學校設施,讓社會機構租用校舍,作為一項加強學校及社區合作的措施。教育局透過多方渠道,當中包括向全港中、小學發出通告、日常與學校及學校議會的溝通等,鼓勵學校在沒有影響整體運作及學與教的情況下,開放設施予公眾團體,尤其是非牟利機構,例如福利服務和青少年活動等,作為對社區服務和活動的支援。

「學校一般會制定租用校舍收費政策,並確保政策獲得校董會或法團校董會同意,以及不會妨礙學校正常運作為原則。學校應盡可能根據收回全部成本的原則,向租用者收取費用。儘管如此,學校亦可根據活動的性質和目的,例如:考試、非牟利制服團體活動或非牟利慈善機構及宗教團體活動等,調整收費或豁免整筆收費。」

恕我直言,這是明顯的「答了等於沒答」。可喜的是,2017年的《施政報告》,政府終於踏出一大步:「教育局與民政事務局於本學年起推行『開放學校設施推動體育發展計劃』,為學校提供額外資助,以鼓勵公營學校向體育團體開放學校設施及提升校園體育文化。」(2017年《施政報告》,第258段)

隱藏成本不容忽視

政府於2017/18學年為參與計劃的學校第一個外借活動提供20000元津貼,其後每個活動15000元,每校每個學年上限為80000元;津貼可用作招聘額外人手、加強保安措施、支付額外水電開支,以及進行緊急小型維修工程等。

雖然這個計劃的成效還要拭目以待,我個人是有懷疑的,但它是我樂見的一大步。

政府和眾人忽略的是「隱藏成本」(implicit cost)。外借校舍的成本可大可小,除了額外人手、加強保安措施、支付額外水電開支,以及進行緊急小型維修工程等費用外,還有很多「隱藏成本」——校方要與租借團體聯繫、簽約、向教育局申報、安排職工等;如遇上事故,又要安排老師回校跟進;加上若校外人士與學生於假日共同在校內使用設施,亦要考慮學生的安全問題。

減低隱藏成本,其實不是沒有可能。還記得香港有夜校這種安排嗎?部分辦學團體長期租借校舍的部分教室,作為晚上辦學之用,其實現在還有類似的夜校存在,只是因為需求下降,夜校數目也隨之減少而已。

為什麼學校願意外借校舍作夜校用途,而不願外借舉辦體育或其他活動呢?外借辦體育或其他活動,是一次活動簽一份約、與租借團體聯繫一次、向教育局申報一次、安排職工一次……這是交易成本(transaction cost)——每個交易都要付的成本。

外借辦N個活動,是簽N份約、與N個租借團體聯繫、向教育局申報N次、安排職工N次。

最大的差異在於,外借校舍作夜校用途,是簽一份約、辦一次手續、用一年,甚至幾年校舍;同一團體重複使用同一校舍,交易成本便可大幅下降。即是說,如果能讓學校簽一份約、辦一次手續,把校舍定期借出一年或數年,那便會大大減低外借校舍的隱藏成本。

與學校訂立長期合約

據以上分析,我有兩個建議:

一、容許並鼓勵學校與部分體育會訂立合約,長期讓體育會在校舍開訓練班。我知道有學校和泳會訂立合約,長期讓泳會在校舍的泳池開游泳訓練班;除了繳付租金之外,泳會也會讓該校學生以優惠價參加訓練班。

值得留意的是,這種協作是在沒有政府津貼下達成的,可見類似安排實在可行。關鍵是,透過同一團體重複使用同一校舍,隱藏成本便會消減,我們不難想像,學校與其他體育會訂立類似的合約。一旦體育會能與學校訂立長期舉辦訓練班的協約,便會減少使用體育館的場地,體育館的求過於供的情況,便會得到改善。

二、由康文署作為中介,與學校訂立長期合約,租用校舍,再把場地出租予公眾;康文署亦會負責一般的場地管理,甚至保安。

雖然場地最終會出租予很多人使用,但學校面對的卻是單一機構,要付出的交易成本因而大幅下降。雖然理論上任何公司都可以扮演這個中介角色,我認為最適當的還是由康文署來做。

康文署是負責提供和管理體育設施予公眾的,對解決體育設施長期短缺的問題責無旁貸;校舍是政府的資源,學校開放校舍,紓解體育設施缺乏之困,也是責無旁貸。

康文署在租借和管理場地的經驗豐富,理論上只要把系統調整一下,便可應用到租借校舍體育設施上,應無困難。至於租金和津貼如何釐定,以及管理的細節,當然要由康文署、教育局和學校三方協商了。

開放校舍,共享體育設施這回事,我認為新一屆政府已走出很有誠意的一步。我盼望政府能持開放態度,容許多幾條腿走路,目的就是簡單的一個:提供足夠體育設施予大眾市民,創建一個健康的城市。

王家富 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院首席講師

(本文同時於二零一八年一月三日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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