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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

Redesign Urban Planning to Utilise Land Resources

5 Dec 2018
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重整城市規劃 善用土地資源

大城市不斷發展,總會面臨舊區重建和覓地發展的難題。作為國際大都會,香港整體土地空間只有1100平方公里,在配合大灣區發展的同時,必須考慮長遠的經濟布局及人口增長,更要滿足未來基本住屋、貿易、航運、商業、金融和旅遊的需求,凡此有賴縝密、科學化的分析和規劃。

香港人口及經濟勢將持續增長,為了滿足需求,特首林鄭月娥在2018年《施政報告》中提出,計劃在東大嶼水域內交椅洲及喜靈洲附近,分階段進行填海工程,建造總面積達1700公頃(或17平方公里)的多個人工島,以興建26萬至40萬個住宅單位,可容納人口70萬至110萬,當中七成是公營房屋,預期第一階段工程在2025年展開,首批住宅單位可望在2032年推出;填海造地成本預計超過5000億港元。香港地小人多,這無異於為其持續發展注入一支強心針,但若土地規劃追不上經濟發展願景,恐怕得地無所用,皆因土地規劃思維出了問題,一些與推動經濟脫軌的規劃因素窒礙土地綜合發展。

香港所有土地資源實際上只用了不足三成,另外七成都由規劃署和漁農自然護理署,分別按香港法例第131章《城市規劃條例》與第208章《郊野公園條例》,進行規劃或列入郊野公園範圍或綠化地帶。

相較於鄰近地區以至美國,香港郊野公園的範圍大得不成比例【表1】。香港郊野公園佔總土地面積高達40%,遠超近鄰台灣、日本、南韓、新加坡,甚至美國。若把海岸公園用地及在《城市規劃條例》下的綠化地帶和休憩用地包括在內,份額更高達74%。

優化郊野公園 增闢所需用地

可持續發展是現代城市發展的主導原則之一,郊野保護和生態保育固然值得支持,但亦不應忽略城市規劃和郊野公園的終極目標始終是以人為本。

以新加坡為例,當地郊野公園範圍比香港小20倍,從【表1】可見,數目在亞洲地區中高踞首位,雖然公園總面積不及香港,然而居民滿意當地的綠化及保育工作,新加坡亦贏得「花園城市」的美譽。反觀香港縱有40%的土地劃作郊野公園,卻換來「石屎森林」之稱。由此可知,要綠化城市,整體土地規劃應重質不重量。此外,以往新界及離島部分土地,特別是鄉村範圍界線(村界)綠化地帶的規劃,不無令人摸不着頭腦之處,例子有三:

一、根據規劃署資料顯示【表2】,新界鄉村村界內的規劃,與本港城市發展的土地需求完全脫節。

新界村界內總計約132.3公頃的私人土地被規劃納入「綠化地帶」,其中政府土地面積約為292.6公頃,佔總綠化地帶面積近七成,令人不禁質疑,政府有必要把剩餘的私人土地也納入村界作為「綠化地帶」嗎?按現行規劃,很多土地未能善用。

從新界原住民的立場來看,若把這132.3公頃(約14000000平方呎)的私人土地釋放,以每間700平方呎的小型屋宇約1500平方呎的建屋空間計算,則可興建9000多間小型屋宇,有助紓緩「丁屋用地」供應緊張狀況;而且位於村界內的私人土地,不會佔用公共土地資源,對全港房屋問題亦有幫助。

二、坪洲東灣的規劃亦毫不合理。根據2013年核准的規劃大綱草圖,扣除約70%綠化地帶和海岸保護區地帶後,餘下約30公頃可發展土地中,有共8.16公頃土地被劃作「鄉村式發展」地帶。實際上坪洲原居民村為數有限,如此規劃等同荒廢土地,跟善用土地發展原則背道而馳。

三、2014年,規劃署新訂大澳市中心規劃大綱草圖,把本屬商業地帶的大澳永安街一帶納入「鄉村式發展」用途,使其喪失原有商業用途和價值。

協商祖堂土地 護傳統保權益

祖堂土地是特區政府可多加善用的另一土地資源。何謂祖堂土地?即新界原居民氏族社群共同擁有的產業。新界祖堂是新界土地最大的持份者之一,目前香港約有7300個祖堂,合共持有超過2400公頃(約24平方公里)土地,如何加以有效利用,以解當前土地匱乏困局,值得為政者深思。

社會上不乏有關政府引用《收回土地條例》的建議,先全面收回新界發展區內土地,然後把土地拍賣給地產發展商,但祖堂土地本質上有別於一般私人土地,加上歷史及傳統文化背景,要加以收回,難免與原住民權益衍生衝突。《收回土地條例》的賠償準則亦自相矛盾:一方面表明賠償不計土地潛在價值,另一方面在收地時卻考慮市價,以致徵收新界土地的賠償遠低於市價。政府若基於公眾利益,引用此一條例徵收新界土地,則有違自由資本市場保障私有產權原則,難以平衡私有產權和公眾利益。因此,正如政府早前表示,公私營合作的釋地方式應較可取。

為新界祖堂土地買賣和發展排難解紛,並加快釋放潛在土地資源,背後原則離不開兩點:一、祖堂土地交易或物業發展計劃可為祖堂帶來持續性收益 ,讓祖堂傳統文化得以傳承;二、地價估值必須公平公正,讓祖堂土地持份者分享經濟發展成果。此舉更可同時造福社會整體的商住發展。

【表1】香港郊野公園範圍與其他地區的比較

【表2】新界各區村界內的「綠化地帶」

兩表資料來源:新界鄉議局研究中心資料庫

謝國生 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院金融學首席講師、新界鄉議局當然執行委員

(本文同時於二零一八年十二月五日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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