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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

Reclamation and New Town Development Indispensable for Filling the Land Supply Gap

16 May 2018
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填補土地供應大缺口 填海發展新區不能少

香港房屋不能負擔,是最嚴重的民生問題,而香港政府處理此問題絕不理想。國際公共政策顧問機構Demographia進行一項調查,比較世界各地樓價負擔困難程度。香港自2011年起被納入其調查範圍,即時成為全球樓價最難負擔城市。當時香港的樓價是家庭入息的11.4倍,而悉尼(全球樓價第二難負擔城市)同期的樓價為家庭入息9.6倍。

樓價高企 市民難負擔

根據Demographia最新的調查結果,香港連續8年成為全球樓價最難負擔城市,最新的樓價為家庭入息19.4倍(8年升幅高於70%);同一調查顯示,悉尼繼續是全球樓價第二難負擔城市,其最新的樓價為家庭入息12.9倍(8年升幅低於35%)。香港樓價愈來愈難負擔,惡化程度遠遠高於世界各地城市。

其實,樓價只是物業價格的一部分。根據差餉物業估價署的分類,除住宅外,物業市場還包括寫字樓、零售業樓宇和分層工廠大廈。【圖一】是差餉物業估價署最新公布的物業售價指數(1999 = 100)。在過去20年,住宅售價升幅固然令人擔憂,但還是遠遠低於寫字樓售價升幅;而寫字樓售價升幅又明顯低於零售業樓宇售價升幅;零售業樓宇售價升幅又遠遠低於分層工廠大廈售價升幅。【圖二】是差餉物業估價署最新公布的物業租金指數(1999 = 100)。如​【圖二】顯示租金大幅上升不局限於住宅市場。在過去20年,住宅、零售業樓宇和分層工廠大廈的租金升幅相若,而寫字樓的租金升幅還更高。

【圖一】
Graph 1

【圖二】
Graph 2

樓價直接影響民生,往往成為傳媒報道焦點,形成民意壓力。政府當然要應付民意壓力,強調增加房屋供應。但上述數據顯示,供不應求不單是住宅市場的問題,而是整個物業市場的問題,所以政府在增加房屋供應的同時,亦要增加其他物業供應;由於政府沒有土地儲備,增加土地供應是增加整體物業供應的唯一途徑。幸好政府終於正視問題,在2017年9月成立土地供應專責小組(下稱「專責小組」),就土地短缺的問題,向政府提供建議。專責小組最近展開為期5個月的公眾參與活動,我們先了解該專責小組對土地供求失衡的分析。

首先,專責小組詳細檢視規劃署的《香港2030+》研究。《香港2030+》研究預計香港長遠至2046年欠缺至少1200公頃用地(即超過60個維多利亞公園的面積)。根據專責小組的分析,《香港2030+》研究的土地需求估算過於保守,而它的土地供應估算過於進取,所以專責小組認為香港土地短缺遠比1200公頃為高。

我們同意專責小組的分析,因為土地需求不妨高估,而土地供應不妨低估;萬一真的出現土地供過於求,亦是絕好機會,讓政府建立土地儲備(我們不建議政府放棄建立土地儲備的機會)。政府未來的土地供應目標,應定為填補遠高於1200公頃土地缺口,而專責小組應把這個土地缺口進一步量化。

短中期選項 難達共識

經過專責小組的篩選,有18個土地供應選項有潛力提供額外的土地;當中4個為短中期選項,6個為中長期選項,還有8個是概念性選項。

4個短中期選項包括:一、棕地發展;二、利用私人的新界農地儲備;三、利用私人遊樂場地契約用地作其他用途;四、重置或整合佔地廣的政府康樂設施。選項一:根據初步估計,新界約有1300公頃棕地,其中約540公頃已被政府納入發展,未被納入發展的棕地約760公頃。選項二:粗略估計,大型發展商合共擁有不少於1000公頃的新界農地(部分或已被政府納入發展或與棕地重疊)。選項三:現時本港共有66幅私人遊樂場地契約用地,佔地共約408公頃。選項四:佔地廣的政府康樂設施一般指每幅佔地3公頃或以上,這類場地共有95個。

選項一和二分別涉及新界棕地和新界農地,皆為私人土地。私人利益一般與公眾利益有衝突,而兩者的分歧是本質上的,很難透過大辯論而收窄,達致共識。我們不相信此兩選項能有效地為香港提供大量額外土地供應,因此它們不應被定為主要選項。

選項三和四是本末倒置。增加土地供應的最終目的是提高生活質素(推動經濟發展是手段,不是目的)。與其改變私人遊樂場佔地的用途,政府不如改變它的性質,讓公眾也可使用遊樂場設施,如大幅增加私人遊樂場開放予公眾的時間。政府更不應減少體育和康樂設施佔地,如現時康體用地未地盡其用,政府應該在原地或換地加建康體設施。我們認為此兩選項不應被列為額外土地供應選項。

中長期選項 應放首位

6個中長期選項包括:五、維港以外近岸填海;六、發展東大嶼都會;七、利用岩洞及地下空間;八、於新界發展更多新發展區;九、發展香港內河碼頭用地;十、發展郊野公園邊陲地帶兩個試點。

選項五和六皆涉及填海,專責小組預計5個維港以外近岸填海,可提供最少400至490公頃額外土地,而發展東大嶼都會更可提供1000公頃額外土地。填海的最重要考慮是影響環境。其實所有土地發展皆對環境有影響,所以發展土地要顧及環保,但環保不能用來阻止土地發展,包括填海。在眾多選項裏,填海提供最多額外土地,政府萬萬不能因環保而放棄填海,反而要排除萬難,把選項五和六放在首位。

無論利用岩洞或地下空間,釋出的額外土地有限,所以選項七只是補充選項,適用於優化土地使用。

至於選項八,專責小組認為額外土地供應來源主要是發展新界北,預計提供720公頃土地。另外發展將軍澳第137區也可提供80公頃額外土地。這是主要選項,政府應該把它放在首要位置。

選項九和十雖然被專責小組定為中長期選項,它們卻與另外兩項概念性選項密切相關(總共有8項概念性選項)。由於概念性選項需要不同的分析,不在此文討論。

經過專責小組的客觀檢視,發現香港缺乏土地遠高於《香港2030+》研究預計的1200公頃。要填補這個巨大缺口,政府應把可大量提供額外土地選項列為首要位置,如維港以外近岸填海、發展東大嶼都會和發展更多新發展區。除了填補土地巨大缺口,政府還應建立土地儲備,即不應放棄其他可提供額外土地選項。

 

程騰歡 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院副教授
​(本文同時於二零一八年五月十六日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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